Tutorial 3

Question 1

What is the care orientation?

Answer 1

considers relational situation over and above principles or rules - focuses on the welfare of others, maintenance of interaction and avoidance of conflict

Question 2

What is the justice orientation?

Answer 2

considers principles/rules over the relational situation - focuses on rules, reciprocity, rights, fairness & independence

Question 3

What are Kohlberg’s 5 stages of Moral Development?

Answer 3

Level 1: Stage 1 Premoral
Level 1: Stage 2 Premoral
Level 2: Conventional Stage 3: Conformity
Level 2: Conventional Stage 4: Law & Order
Level 3: Principled Stage 5: Principled Morality

Question 4

Describe Kohlberg’s level 1, stages 1 & 2

Answer 4

Stage 1: pre moral: heteronomous morality - obey laws because they are there, avoid being punished
Stage 2: pre moral: instrumental hedonism - follow rules if you stand to gain by doing so, keep bargains with others so they keep yours with you

Question 5

Describe Kohlberg’s level 2, stages 3 & 4

Answer 5

stage 3= conventional conformity: being good means having good motives & showing concern for others (motivation by need to be liked). no ability to consider an abstract/impersonal code
stage 4= convention law & order: most important guide is the legal rule book - abide by rules rather than another’s needs

Question 6

Describe Kohlberg’s level 3, stage 5

Answer 6

stage 5= principled morality: follow universal rules like “life and liberty for all” regardless of majority opinion

Question 7

What did Kohlberg conclude about gender & the stages?

Answer 7

boys more likely to use level 2, stage 4 and girls level 2, stage 3

Question 8

What was Gilligan’s challenge (1982) about?

Answer 8

a) care orientation should not be considered a lower level

girls are socialised differently which makes them more likely to respond with a care orientation

Question 9

What are the advantages of different methodologies for studying whether there are gender differences for how adults socialise children in discipline contexts

Answer 9

• observational methodologies (naturalistic/contrived)
• questionaire/survey of parents in hypothetical situations (may respond in how they think they should act rather than how they should)
• differences in how they would socialise own children in comparison with other children (think they are for gender equality but when it comes to their own children)
• studying teachers vs. studying parents (co-ed schools, universalised teaching code, all genders equal at school - v different at home)