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PathoPhys > Tutorial 1 > Flashcards

Tutorial 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA forms _% nucleus mass?

A

<20%

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2
Q

detail types of nucleoprotein (2)

A
  1. histone proteins (control coiling)

2. non-histone proteins (enzymes for synthesis DNA/ RNA, regulatory proteins)

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3
Q

structure of nuclear envelope?

A
  • double membrane

- outer lipid bilayer continuous with RER

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4
Q

Chromatin appearance in non-dividing cells?

A
  • euchromatin (active synthesizing RNA, pale)
  • heterochromatin (tightly coiled & inactive)
  • nucleolus present
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5
Q

Chromatin appearance in dividing cells?

A
  • chromosomes

- nucleolus absent

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6
Q

how does nucleus in active cell appear?

A
  • dispersed (larger area)
  • pale staining euchromatin
  • prominent nucleoli
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7
Q

how does nucleus in in-active cell appear?

A
  • small, condensed heterochromatin

- small or absent nucleoli

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8
Q

mRNA?

A

mRNA ⇒ messengerRNA

- DNA is transcribed into mRNA → new copy of genes
- mRNA moves out nucleus → cytoplasm → protein synthesis
- original DNA in-tact
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9
Q

tRNA?

A

tRNA ⇒ transferRNA

- tRNA transfers correct AA from cytoplasm to ribosome, according to mRNA

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10
Q

rRNA?

A

rRNA ⇒ ribsomalRNA

- rRNA translates AA into peptide chain

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11
Q

Ribosome composition?

A

rRNA & protein:

2 globular proteins of unequal size, each consisting of rRNA strand and associated ribosomal proteins

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12
Q

Where are ribsome globular subunits produced?

A

Nucleolar region nucleus

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13
Q

Ribosome location - how does location effect function?

A
  1. Free ribosomes
    • scattered singly or polyribosomes
    • synthesis intracellular proteins
  2. Rough ER
    • is attached to normal ER
    • synthesis extracellular proteins
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14
Q

ER general structure

A

System of paired membranes consisting of:

  1. A matrix (fluid filled space), which is continuous with nuclear envelope, plasma membrane and other organelles
  2. cisternae (flattened sacs)
  3. vesicles (connect parts inner cell)
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15
Q

What does RER produce?

A
  • ribosomes attached → extracellular protein synthesis
  • produces:
    • pancreatic digestive enzymes
    • liver plasma proteins
    • lysosomal enzymes (all cells)
    • integral unit membrane proteins
      • proteins fold into secondary structure, form intra-chain disulphide bonds
    • involved in first step glycosylation
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16
Q

What does SER produce?

A
  • no ribosomes, continuous with RER
  • enzymes for:
    • lipid, lipoprotein and steroid synthesis
    • regulation intracellular calcium (in muscle)
    • detoxification lipid soluble drugs (in liver)
    • glycogen storage
17
Q

3 functional parts golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Cis face → faces nucleus
    • receives transport vesicles from SER
    • phosphorylates certain proteins
  2. Medial golgi
    • adds sugar residues to lipids/ peptides → form complex oligosaccharides
  3. Trans golgi network
    • performs proteolytic steps
    • adds sugar residues
    • sorts macromolecules, directs to correct vesicles
18
Q

Golgi apparatus function?

A

in association with ER…

  • modifies and packages substances → secretory vesicles → cytoplasm → exocytosis
  • proteins from ER → golgi within vesicles
  • produce large CHOs → combine proteins (from RER) → glycoproteins
19
Q

Mitochondria composition - how does inner and outer membrane differ?

A
  • elongated double membrane
    • outer → permeable with enzymes for lipid catabolism
    • inner → has cristae containing cytochromes, carrier molecules of ETC, enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation
  • matrix → enzymes citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation
  • circular DNA strands & ribosomes → synthesize 37 of own proteins
20
Q

Explain what’s meant by mitochondrial cytopathic syndromes?

A
  • mDNA maternal only → mitochondria in spermatozoa jettisoned at fertilization (penetration zona pellucida)
  • abnormal mDNA → 37 genes for mitochondrial structure are located within mDNA, so this means impaired mitochondria → structural abnormalities of:
    • muscle system
    • nervous system
    • metabolic abnormalities (failed oxidative phosphorylation)
  • severity depends on proportion mDNA effected
21
Q

Clinical patterns of mitochondrial cytopathic syndromes?

A
  • extraocular muscle weakness
  • degenerative CNS disease
  • metabolic disturbance (high lactic acid)
22
Q

Diagnosis of mitochondrial cytopathic syndromes?

A

muscle biopsy -> examination

23
Q

lysosome composition?

A
  • membrane bound small vesicles
  • contain
    • 40 different acid hydrolases (ie. acid phosphatases), and
    • proenzymes (intracellular digestion)
24
Q

how are lysosomes formed?

A

lysosome enzymes are synthesized RER → packed into vesicles in golgi → lysosome formed

25
Q

Types of lysosomes?

A

1* (primary) = enzymes inactive
2* (phagolysosomes) = primary fuses with a substrate and enzymes activated
Residual bodies = phagolysosomes with undigested material, ie. lipofucsin & carbon particles

26
Q

how may a 1* lysosome become a 2* lysosome - what substances may be processed?

A
  1. autophagocytosis → warn out cell parts recycled

2. heterophagocytosis → ingested bacteria

27
Q

state an inheritable pathology related to lysosomes?

A

lysosomal storage diseases

28
Q

Tay sach’s disease:

a. ) how does it occur?
b. ) what kind of pathology is it?

A

Tay sach’s disease:
a.) absence or inactivity of lysosome enzymes → improper digestion of → cerebrosides, gangliosides, sphingomyelin

b.) autosomal recessive pathology

29
Q

Peroxisomes location and function?

A
  • contain enzyme degrading peroxides (H2O2)
  • control free radicals (otherwise they damage cytoplasmic molecules)
  • contain enzymes → catabolism long chain fatty acids (>18C)
  • formation bile acids in liver cells

an organelle found in cytoplasm (similar to lysosome)

30
Q

Peroxisomal disorders lead to?

A
  • defects in enzymes catabolizing long chain fatty acids
  • metabolic disturbances (acidosis)
  • storage abnormal lipids
    • impaired oxidation fatty acids → abnormal lipid storage in brain/ SC/ adrenals → intellectual deterioration (dementia) & adrenal failure ⇒ adrenoleukodystrophy
31
Q

3 classes of cytoskeleton filaments, with examples?

A
  1. microfilaments (ie. actin)
    • present superficial zone of cytoplasm
    • located in microvilli, ie. large intestine
    • involved in cytoplasmic and membrane movement
  2. Intermediate filaments
    • heterogenous group diameter
    • support and maintain asymmetric cell shape
    • ie. keratin (in keratinocytes), glial filaments (astrocytes)
  3. thick myosin filaments
    • ie. in muscle, but also temporarily in other cells
32
Q

what are microtubules made of?

A

tubulin

33
Q

microtubule function?

A
  • develop and maintain cell form
  • intracellular transport
  • basic structure for complex organelles (ie. centrioles, cilia, flagella etc)
34
Q

State clinical applications of microtubules?

A
  1. use of colchicine in gout
  2. halting chromosomes on equator of mitosis
  3. cytogenic studies
35
Q

cell membrane functions?

A
  • semipermeable (selective) →
    • cross membrane transport
    • generate and maintain membrane potential
  • seperate intracellular and extracellular environment
  • receptors for hormones/ molecules
  • regulates cell growth and proliferation
  • role in behaviour cancer cells
36
Q

cell membrane composition?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • small amounts → cholesterol, glycolipids
  • intrinsic (integral) proteins, mostly transmembrane
    • allow passage small charged ions
  • extrinsic (peripheral) proteins, channels
  • glycocalyx →
    • glycolipid and glycoprotein
    • highly specific biological markers
37
Q

state special membrane structures?

A
  • microvilli
  • membrane junctions
    • tight
    • desmosomes
    • gap junctions
  • cellular extensions
    • cilia
    • flagella

PathoPhys (25 decks)

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