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PathoPhys > Lecture 2 - Immunology & Immunopathology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Immunology & Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

define haematopoiesis?

A

proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into all types of blood cells (WBC, RBC etc.)

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2
Q

where is the common pluripotent stem cell, from which haematopoiesis begins?

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

T-cell precursor forms in bone marrow, travels in blood to thymus to mature

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4
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone

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5
Q

post maturation, where do T and B cells travel? (general)

A

transit around in blood, arriving at then travelling through various lymphoid tissues

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6
Q

from what cell do osteoclasts develop from?

A

monocyte-macrophage lineage

this is why Mauro put osteoclast under macrophage

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7
Q

Provide examples of macrophages & their locations.

A
  • Kupffer cells (liver)
  • alveolar macrophages
  • spleenic macrophages
  • peritoneal macrophages
  • microglial cells (CNS)
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8
Q

t/f: pathogenic micro-organisms and their products are diverse in size and complexity

A

true

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9
Q

provide examples of pathogenic microorganisms and their products?

A
  • proteins (bacterial toxins)
  • small particles (viruses)
  • large particles (bacteria, fungi, protozoans)
  • helminths, mites
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10
Q

List some of the fundamental immune responses against pathogens?

A
  1. Neutralization - of viruses/ bacterial toxins, achieved with plasma proteins
  2. Phagocytosis - ingestion by WBC’s, then digestion
  3. Cytotoxicity - lysis of infected cells
  4. Humoral response - substances found in body humor (fluid) such as antibodies
  5. Lymphocyte action - may be cytotoxic
  6. Granulomas - containment of infected cells
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11
Q

Comparing innate and adaptive immune responses:

When present?

A

Innate - present from birth

Adaptive - present post exposure to antigens

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12
Q

Comparing innate and adaptive immune responses:

Onset speed?

A

Innate - rapid onset (as it’s non-specific)

Adaptive - relatively slower (time required for recognition)

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13
Q

Comparing innate and adaptive immune responses:

Specificity?

A

innate - non-specific

adaptive - specific to antigen

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14
Q

Comparing innate and adaptive immune responses:

Memory?

A

innate - no memory

adaptive - memory for antigens (B and T cells)

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15
Q

Comparing innate and adaptive immune responses:

Diversity?

A

innate - limited diversity

adaptive - high diversity

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16
Q

Comparing innate and adaptive immune responses:

Presence in vertebrates and/ or invertebrates?

A

innate - present in both invert. & vert.

adaptive - present in vert. only

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17
Q

Humoral immune response:

a. ) whys it so called?
b. ) present in innnate or adaptive?
c. ) mediated by?

A
  • occurs within body humor (fluid)
  • innate and adaptive
  • mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins (antibodies) in plasma/ interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions
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18
Q

cellular immune response:

a. ) innate or adaptive?
b. ) effective against?

A
  • innate and adaptive
  • mediated by cells of immune system
  • particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens
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19
Q

describe the relationship between humoral and cellular immune responses?

A

they compliment each-other

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20
Q

expand acronym ‘MAC’?

A

Membrane attack complex

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21
Q

“The complement system exerts multiple anti-microbial activities”. Explain 4 aspects of this?

A
  1. Lyse bacteria by forming MAC.
  2. Tag pathogens - enhancing recognition and destruction by phagocytes (opsonization)
  3. Activate inflammatory response by triggering release of histamine from mast cells.
  4. Enhance clearance of antigen-antibody complexes.
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22
Q

Explain the possible outcome(s) of a naive, but mature B cell upon exposure to an antigen?

A

Naive mature B cell will differentiate into either a plasma B cell or a memory B cell

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23
Q

Basic role of plasma cell?

A

Produce & secrete antibodies

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24
Q

Production of certain immunoglobins requires the help of T cells. Which immunoglobins are these?

A

IgG, IgA, IgE

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25
Q

Production of IgG, IgA, IgE all requires the help of which cell?

A

T-cell

26
Q

Which immunoglobin can be produced by B cells independent of T cell help?

A

IgM

27
Q

t/f: memory cells express specific antigen on their surface.

A

FALSE - memory cells express specifc antibody on their surface, however they do not begin to produce such antibody until they have been reactivated by the specific antigen (re-exposure)

28
Q

when do memory cells produce antibodies to target their specified pathogen?

A

when reactivated by specific antigen on pathogenic organism (re-exposure)

29
Q

Long lived memory B cells produce which immunoglobins?

Do these require T cell help for manufacture?

A

IgG, IgA, IgE, these all require T cell help for manufacture

30
Q

Short lived memory B cells produce which immunoglobins?

Do these require T cell help for manufacture?

A

IgM, this does not require T cell help

31
Q

antibodies are also known as?

A

immunoglobins

32
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgD

A

Primary B cell receptor

33
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgM

A
  • Primary B cell receptor
  • Agglutination
  • Complement activation
  • Opsonophagocytosis
34
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgG3

A

Broad complement cell activation

35
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgG1

A

Broad complement cell activation

36
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgA1

A

Mucosal antibodies

37
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgG2

A

Opsonophagocytosis complex antigens

38
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgG4

A

Regulation of antibodies

39
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgA2

A

Mucosal antibodies to proteolytic bacteria

40
Q

State the function of immunoglobin isotype:

IgE

A

Activation of mast cells and eosinophils

41
Q

List functional effects of antibodies against pathogenic microbes?

A
  1. Neutralization bacteria toxins/ viruses
  2. Opsonisation of particles for phagocytosis
  3. Activation complement pathway:
  4. Activation NK cells leading to antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  5. Activation of basophils/ mast cells
  6. Activation eosinophils
42
Q

Explain the basic process of phagocytosis of particulate antigens

A
  1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. Ingestion of microbe
  3. Formation of phagosome
  4. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome, forming phagolysosome
  5. Microbe digestion by enzymes
  6. Formation of residual body (undigestable)
  7. Discharge waste material
43
Q

define chemotaxis

A

movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

44
Q

Phagocytosis may be activated by (one/ 2/ multiple) cell-surface molecules
(choose correct)

A

multiple

45
Q

What may the phagocytic cell be - what cell types?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Dendritic cells (conventional, plasmacytoid)
  3. Macrophages
  4. Monocytes
46
Q

Functional effects of activating phagocytic cells:
Neutrophils
What pathogens are included here?

A

Intracellular killing

bacteria/ fungi

47
Q

Functional effects of activating phagocytic cells:
Monocytes & Macrophages

What pathogens are included here?

A

Antigen processing then presentation to B and T lymphocytes
&
Intracellular killing (bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria)

48
Q

Functional effects of activating phagocytic cells:

Conventional dendritic cells

A

Antigen processing then presentation to B and T lymphocytes

49
Q

Functional effects of activating phagocytic cells:

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Production of type 1 interferons

50
Q

“There is great diversity in human immune responses”

Provide evidence to substantiate this statement.

A
  1. Humoral or cell mediated?
  2. Innate or adaptive?
  3. Many Ig types meaning diverse functions
  4. Multiple types of CD4+ T cell’s means that T cell function and regulation diverse
  5. Highly polymorphic genes for class I and class II HLA (MHC) molecules
51
Q

Explain how the primary and secondary immune response differs? How does this relate to vaccines?

A

due to memory cells (which have receptors for antigen of pathogen seen previously):

  1. Stronger response on secondary
  2. More rapid response on secondary

Vaccines take adv by using antigen which is non-threat (attenuated etc.), however adequate time for antibody production must be given

52
Q

How does the immune system regulate itself (basic)?

A

The ability to recognize self and non-self antigens - clearly this doesn’t always work, hence hypersensitivities exist

53
Q

For the following type of tolerance, state the mechanism and site of action:
central tolerance

A

deletion editing

thymus, bone marrow

54
Q

For the following type of tolerance, state the mechanism and site of action:
antigen segregation

A

physical barrier to self-antigen (it has no access to lymphoid system)

peripheral organs (thyroid etc.)

55
Q

For the following type of tolerance, state the mechanism and site of action:
Peripheral anergy

A

Cellular inactivation by weak signalling (without co-stimulus)

secondary lymphoid tissue

56
Q

For the following type of tolerance, state the mechanism and site of action:
Regulatory cells

A

supression by cytokines, intercellular signals

secondary lymphoid tissue, sites of inflammation

57
Q

For the following type of tolerance, state the mechanism and site of action:
cytokine deviation

A

Differentiation of TH2 cells limiting inflammatory cytokine secretion

secondary lymphoid tissue, sites of inflammation

58
Q

For the following type of tolerance, state the mechanism and site of action:
clonal deletion

A

apoptosis post activation

secondary lymphoid tissue, sites of inflammation

59
Q

what is meant by primary lymphoid tissue?

A

bone marrow, thymus

60
Q

what is meant by secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

lymph nodes, spleen

61
Q

define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

62
Q

define hypersensitivity/ hypersensitivity diseases

A

disorders caused by immune responses

PathoPhys (25 decks)

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