Lecture 8 - Neurodegeneration & Dementia Flashcards
Define neurodegeneration
Progressive atrophy, loss of function and death of neurons such as is seen in neurogenerative diseases
State the 2 most common neurodegenerative diseases?
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
a.) State some common neurodegerative diseases (NDD)?
B.) Are these curable?
c.) What links these?
a. ) Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amphytrophic lateral sclerosi, fatal familial insomnia, huntington’s
b. ) All incurable
c. ) All show similarities on sub-cellular level (offering hope for therapeutic advancements)
State some similarities seen between common NDD?
- atypical protein assemblies
- induced cell death
t/f: neurodegeration is seen only on sub-cellular levels of neuronal circuitry (not systemic)
false - Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal
circuitry ranging from molecular to systemic
Why have NDD become more apparent in the last ~200 years?
Increased lifespan of humans leading to increased prevalence of non-communicable disease, ie. NDD
t/f: dementia is the most common NDD
false - dementia is not one specific disease!
Define dementia?
Collection of symptoms caused by disorders of the brain - an umbrella term, NOT a specific disease
Dementia may affect which of the following:
a. ) Thinking
b. ) Behavior
c. ) Ability to perform everyday tasks
d. ) All of the above
d
t/f: dementia is a normal part of ageing; all people will develop dementia at a certain age
false - not all older people get dementia; it isn’t a normal part of ageing
Explain the relationship between dementia and age?
Dementia increases with age, those over 60 are at greatest risk whereas those 40-50 may develop it, and those younger may still develop it although it’s very rare
Explain signs and symptoms of dementia?
- Progressive, frequent memory loss
- Confusion
- Personality change
- Apathy, withdrawal
- Loss of ability to perform daily tasks (later stage)
List types of dementia in order of prevalence?
- AD
- Vascular dementia
- Lewy body disease
- Frontotemporal dementia
- Alcohol related dementia
- Huntington’s
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- HIV associated dementia
In 2020, ~how many aussies with dementia?
460 000
Expected dementia prevalence (without cure) in Australia, in…
a. ) 2028
b. ) 2058
(note: all statistics questions are AUSTRALIAN)
a. ) 600 000
b. ) 1 000 000
In 2020, ~how many aussies diagnosed with dementia daily?
250
Expected dementia daily incidence (without cure) in Australia, in…
a. ) 2028
b. ) 2058
a. ) 320
b. ) 650
_/10 people over 85 have dementia
3
_/10 people over 65 have dementia
1
How many individuals with younger onset dementia in…
a. ) 2020
b. ) 2028
c. ) 2058
a. ) 28 000
b. ) 29 000
c. ) 41 000
~how many Aussies died of dementia in 2016:
a. ) per day
b. ) in the year
c. ) how many female
a. ) 36
b. ) 13 000
c. ) 8500
~how many Aussies involved with care of someone with dementia (2020)?
1.6 million
a. ) How much dementia cost Australia in 2018?
b. ) 2025 predicted?
c. ) 2058 predicted?
a. ) More then $15 billion
b. ) 18.7 bil
c. ) 36.8 bil
t/f: Dementia is the single greatest cause of disability in older Australians (aged 65 years or older)
true
t/f: Dementia is the single greatest cause of disability burden overall
false - third
People with dementia account for __% of old care?
52%
t/f: there is a difference between memory loss as occurs with ageing (normal), and with dementia
true
Define mild cognitive impairment? Is this a new or old term?
Memory loss which is greater then that associated with normal ageing, but other signs of dementia are not present.
MCI is a new term
Define AD?
A neurodegenerative disorder associated with extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in plaques, and intracellular aggregation of Tau microtubule protein. AD can be asymptomatic for years, but eventually leads to cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric abnormality
AD prevalence in those >65 years?
10-30% prevalence
Most common type of AD? Accounts for what % of AD?
Sporadic, >95%
What characterizes sporadic AD?
a. ) late onset (80-90 years)
b. ) failure to clear AB peptide
t/f: AD can remain asymptomatic for years
true
t/f: sporadic AD involves a no genetic risk factors
false - involves a lot
Which of the genetic risk factors of sporadic AD shows the strongest association with disease development?
polymorphisms in APOE (apoliopoprotein E)
Explain how younger individuals (~45) may develop AD, in terms of genetic mutation?
Mutation in genes affecting AB processing, such as PS1, PS2, APP
Draw graph showing AD preclinical and symptomatic AD, including lines for:
- Synapse and neuron density and function
- AB depoisition
- Microglia and astrocyte activation
- Tau pathology
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