Tut4 Reading

Question 1

What does construct validity mean?

Answer 1

The ability of a set of measures to yield good evidence about a certain construct;

Question 2

What does face validity mean?

Answer 2

The plausibility of any specific measure to provide evidence for a particular construct

Question 3

What are the two aspects of construct validity?

Answer 3

Convergent validity and discriminative validity

Question 4

Under what circumstances do we consider the measurement has convergent validity?

Answer 4

When multiple measurements are proving the same construct, and one of them has acceptable face validity

Question 5

What is discriminative validity?

Answer 5

to prove a test is not related to other tests that measure different constructs.
检验本应不相关的概念或度量是否实际上不相关

Question 6

Should the majority of published lesion studies be considered with caution or not?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What are the main differences of modern lesion studies and older lesion studies?

Answer 7

Older lesion studies rarely provide clear conclusions about the neural systems that underlie emotions
Modern lesion studies use larger samples and newer methods, as well as combining lesions with fMRI

Question 8

In addition to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, two other regions
of the human brain thought to be related to emotion have been high
lighted by lesion case studies. What are them?

Answer 8

Insula and amygdala

Question 9

Why insula and amygdala are of particular interest?

Answer 9

Because they are really the only candidates so far for brain regions involved disproportionately with a single, specific human emotion

Question 10

What is insula responsible for?

Answer 10

Disgust

Question 11

What is another approach aside from lesion study to investigate causal relations between brain region and emotion?

Answer 11

Electrical stimulation

Question 12

What are the shared limitations of electrical stimulation and lesion studies？

Answer 12

The sample sizes are very small, and the extent and location of the stimulation is poorly controlled

Question 13

Strength of fMRI compared with positron emission tomography (PET) is?

Answer 13

noninvasive, no long-term side-effects, better resolution

Question 14

Drawback is…?

Answer 14

expensive (machine + technician + allowance to participants)
participants have to keep still, otherwise can’t measure accurately

Question 15

Spatial resolution of fMRI is good or bad?

Answer 15

good, close to mm
but can’t be single-neuron precision

Question 16

temporal resolution of fMRI is good or bad?

Answer 16

good, close to s
but can’t measure ms (usually between-neuron signal is as fast as ms)

Question 17

What is the major disadvantage of fMRI?

Answer 17

low signal-to-noise

Question 18

How does fMRI record the brain activity?

Answer 18

does not directly reflect electrophysiological activity;
measure the local change in the ratio of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin in the blood supply to the brain

Question 19

The fMRI signal is best correlated with field potentials and synaptic processing or with information out of the region (e.g. action potentials in projection neurons)?

Answer 19

field potentials and synaptic processing

Question 20

strong fMRI activation could quite well reflect a strong activation/ inhibition within a region through local inhibitory interneurons?

Answer 20

inhibition

Question 21

A popular approach to the limitation of poor signal to noise is what?

Answer 21

To conduct new analysis on a larger sample size

Question 23

What is the overarching goal of RSA (Representational similarity analysis)?

Answer 23

Construct at least two (and often more) similarity spaces that can be compared

e.g. One space maps the pattern of evoked neural activation, and another space maps the stimuli, or behavioral judgments