L2 Emotion Flashcards
What does motivational salience mean?
It is a relevance of a stimulus for the goals and motivation of a perceiver
Amygdala receives sensory information via which 2 routes?
High routes and low routes
Which route is via sensory cortex and which route bypasses cortex?
High route is via sensory cortex and low route bypasses cortex
Which route is slower and limited in capacity?
High route
Which route enables rapid, automatic, non-conscious processing?
Low route
What are the three steps of emotion regulation?
Attentional deployment, cognitive change and response
Give three examples of attentional deployment
(1) Distraction
(2) Affective labeling
(3) Expressive writing
Give three examples of cognitive change
(1) Reappraisal
(2) Cognitive restructuring
(3) Mindfulness training
Give three examples of response supression
(1) Expressive suppression
(2) Physiological suppression
(3) Thought supression
Patients with bilateral amygdala damage failed to what thing?
Failed to fear condition to aversive stimuli
What does transdiagnostic construct mean?
Underlying dimension common across disorders
What is the dependent measure of fear condition in the amygdala damage research?
Skin conductance, measures autonomic response
Apart from fear conditioning, the amygdala has also been implicated in what conditioning?
Appetitive conditioning
Which part of the amygdala was preferentially activated to fearful versus neutral faces?
Anterior amygdala
It also responded preferentially to happy versus neutral faces
In which condition is attention drove toward food in participants?
Both when hungry and satiated
Give the definition of cognitive restructuring
How thoughts about emotional events shape reactions
e.g. Adding new information may change how an image is perceived, which may change one’s thoughts and feelings
After receiving sensory information via two routes, amygdala excites which part of the brain?
The locus coruleus(LC)
The locus coruleus (LC) sends what back to amygdala?
Locus coruleus (LC) sends noradrenergic fibers back to the amygdala
Amygdala activation affects what parts of the brain apart from the locus coruleus(LC)?
The frontal cortex, sensory cortex, and some subcortical structures (e.g., hypothalamus)
What are the three different types of strategies one can choose when doing the reappraisal task?
Increase, decrease and attend.
(1) Increase
-Imagine themselves or a loved one experiencing the situation being depicted
-Imagine a more extreme outcome than the one depicted
(2) Decrease
-View the situation as fake or unreal
-Imagine that the situation being depicted has a different outcome than the one suggested
(3)Attend
-Maintain their attention to the picture without changing their negative affective experience
Which brain region modulate emotional responses via their impact on affecting systems like the amygdala and ventral striatum?
Prefrontal region
In terms of the model of cognitive control of emotion, which two systems modulate activity in perceptual, semantic, and affect systems ?
Prefrontal and cingulate control systems
What is the inferior parietal cortex responsible for?
Attention and working memory
What is the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Left: Controlled retrieval of semantic and episodic memory
Right: Response selection/ inhibition
What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Attention and working memory
What is the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex responsible for?
(1) Response selection/ inhibition
(2) Conflict monitoring
Give a brief definition of affect labeling
Explicit naming of an emotion
What is the effect of affect labeling having on affective evaluation of both negative and positive stimuli?
Affect labeling reduce the affective evaluation of both negative and positive stimuli
What is the effect of concentrating and cognitively elaborating on an emotion have on the emotion regulation outcome?
It fails to reduce and may even increase that emotion
According to the study in the compulsory reading, participants who write about emotional events showed a working memory improvement or decrease?
Improvement
Cognitive change strategies are also called what?
Reappraisals
Give a brief definition for cognitive change
Cognitive operations that change the way individuals think about an emotional event or experience
Give a brief definition of cognitive restructuring.
Using complex instruction that provide new information and additionally tap into the participants’ imagination
Strategies involve the enhancement or suppression of one or more aspects of an emotion are referred to as what?
As response modulation
What does antecedent-focused emotion regulation mean?
Attempts to subdue an emotion before or while that emotion is being elicited
What does response-focused emotion regulation mean?
Attempts to subdue an emotion after that emotion was elicited and is directed at the output processes of a putative emotion system
Attentional deployment and cognitive change belong to which type of strategy, antecedent-focused emotion regulation or response-focused emotion regulation?
Antecedent-focused strategies
Response modulation belongs to which type of strategy, antecedent-focused emotion regulation or response-focused emotion regulation?
Response-focused emotion regulation
Attentional deployment strategies are more effective for weak or strong emotions?
Weak emotions
For strong emotions, what strategies can we use?
Cognitive engagement and restructuring
What does sentience mean?
The ability to apprehend one’s own mental and bodily states
How is sentience measured?
The difference between a participant’s perceived and actual heartbeat
The amygdala typically becomes more active or less active when participants engage in attentional deployment, cognitive change, or response modulation?
Less active
The control process of inhibiting amygdala is initiated by which brain lobe?
Frontal lobe
What mental disorder symptoms are positively associated with the self-reported use of attentional deployment (e.g. distraction, rumination) and response modulation strategies (e.g. suppression of expression and thought)?
MDD
What strategies are negatively associated with MDD symptoms?
Cognitive change strategies (e.g. mindfulness, reappraisal)
In thought suppression, one thought must be replaced by another, or it can be singly reduced?
One thought must be replaced by another
What problem may the broadness of the definition of emotion regulation caused?
(1) It fails to demarcate differences between emotion regulation and other mental and behavioral processes. Thus, any process that is not an emotion could potentially be regulatory strategy
(2) It fails to demarcate what distinguishes emotion regulation from the processes that evoke an emotion in the first place, it simply assumes that such a distinction exists
What plays a central role in emotion regulation research?
Strategy
*: Typically, participants are instructed to engage in a certain regulation strategy, which is then compared against another strategy and/or a control condition
Such comparison can be problematic for a number of reasons, please briefly indicate them.
(1) Researchers may fail to ensure that a chosen regulatory strategy is sufficiently dissociable from other
strategies.
(2) Researchers have not yet established a standard control condition against which emotion regulation
efforts can be measured.
(3) (perhaps most important) Researchers have at present no means to ensure whether participants
comply with the regulation instructions
Working memory and sentience are examples of natural inclinations or personal characteristic s that affect emotion regulation?
Natural inclinations
Which part of the brain is responsible for conflict monitoring?
Rostral ACC
What result can support that conflict monitoring indeed happens?
Incongruent > Congruent
Incongruent > Neutral
Which part of the brain is responsible for response inhibition?
Ventral lateral prefrontal cortex
What result can support that response inhibition indeed happens?
Nogo > Congruent, Nogo > Neutral
