L3 Stress and mental health Flashcards
According to Walter Cannon, what is important to re-establish homeostatic balance?
(1) Central control of the adrenal medulla
(2) sympathetic nerves
(3) catecholamines
Fight-or-flight response is coined by who?
Walter Cannon
Who coined the triad of biological responses to chronic harmful stimuli in laboratory rats?
Hans Selye
What are the triad of biological responses?
(1) Enlargement of the adrenal cortex
(2) Reduction in the weight of the thymus
(3) Gastric ulcerations
Contrasting to Hans Selye’s theory, what is the major difference of the allostasis theory of stress?
There is no single ideal set of equilibrium conditions and adaptation is allowed over time
Give the definition of allostatic load
The cost of adaptation, the wear and tear that results from chronic overactivity or underactivity of allostatic systems
What are 4 types of allostatic load?
(1) Repeat hit from multiple stressors
(2) Lack of adaptation from same stressor
(3) Prolonged response even after stressor is moved
(4) Inadequate responses (lack of cortisol → fails to inhibit inflammatory cytokines)
According to Hans Selye, what are the three stages of general adaptation?
(1) Alarm
(2) Adaptation/Resistance
(3) Exhaustion
Selye hypothesized that animals died because of what?
Because they had exhausted their stores of adaptation energy instead of food
Catecholamines is secreted by adrenal medulla or adrenal cortex?
Adrenal medulla
Corticosteroids is secreted by adrenal medulla or adrenal cortex?
Adrenal cortex
Chronic stress response is primarily mediated by what type of hormone?
Cortisol
Does hippocampus inhibit or activate the HPA axis response to stressors?
Inhibit
Neurogenesis occurs in which part of the hippocampus throughout adult life?
Dentate gyrus
Chronic elevation of cortisol impairs what kind of memory in humans?
Declarative
By what mean does amygdala convey the information to hypothalamus when facing stress?
It conveys corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) to hypothalamus
By what mean does hypothalamus convey the information to pituitary when facing stress?
It conveys corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) to pituitary
In which regions are glucocorticoid receptor presented?
Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, amygadala
Which type of hormone is being metabolized more rapidly, corticosteroids or catecholamines?
Catecholamines (e.g. Epinephrine and norepinephrine)
What is the estimated half-life of cortisol?
1-2 hour
What are the two types of epigenetic modifications?
Histone modification and DNA modification
Acetylating the histone turn the gene on or off?
On
Which type of neurotransmission is centrally involved in the differential response to social defeat stress in mice?
Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission
In the mesolimbic system, you get dopaminergic inputs from which brain area?
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
The input from Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the mesolimbic system innervate brain regions involved in executive, affective, and motivational functions, including what brain regions?
Prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (NAc)
Briefly explain the internal working model of securely attached children.
(1) self: worthy
(2) others: available and reliable
(3) environment: challenging but manageable with support from others
