Turning To Crirme Flashcards
What design was Farrington?
Longitudinal survey
Participants in Farrington
411 boys aged 8-9.
Followed up at the age of 48.
365 of the 394 that were still alive were reinterviewed
What were the most important risk factors in Farrington’s study?
Family history, daring personality, poor parenting
When the result were reanalysed what was found?
The loss of a mother was more significant than loss of a father and parental death was less significant than parental disharmony
What is the conclusion for Farrington?
Disrupted families lead to crime.
How many principles did Sutherland develop?
Nine
What are three of Sutherland’s principles?
Criminal behaviour is learnt and not inherited or as a result of biological condition.
Criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication and gesturing.
The principle part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate person groups.
What is Sutherland’s conclusion?
Deviance occurs when people define a certain human situation as an appropriate occasion for violating social norms
What is Wikstrom and Tafel’s aim?
To investigate why young people commit crime
What design did Wikstrom and Tafel use?
A cross sectional snapshot study
Who was the sample in Wikstrom and Tafel’s study?
Nearly 2000 year 10 students from Petersborough
Explain Wikstrom and Tafel’s procedure.
Questionnaires were distributed with a return rate of 93%. 20% were then selected for a more in depth interview.
What were the findings of Wikstrom and Tafel’s study?
Criminal behaviour of a less serious nature was common among the group.
Young people from disadvantaged background had more risk factors by the study did not find that social disadvantage is a strong predictor of delinquency.
What was the aim of Yocheleon and Samenow’s study?
To understand the make up of the criminal personality
Who were the participants for Yochelson and Samenow’s study?
255 male participants from various backgrounds. There was no control group. Only 30 participants completed the programme if interviews
What was the procedure for Yochelson and Samenow?
A longitudinal study over 14 years using self report interviews. The programme consisted of a freudian based therapy.
What did Yochelson and Samenow find?
On 9 genuinely changed. Found 52 faulty thinking patterns.
What are three examples of faulty thinking patterns ?
Super optimism, need for power and control, fantasised about committing crime
What was the aim of Kohlberg’s study?
To find evidence in support of a progression through stages of moral development.
Who were the participants in Kohlberg’s study?
58 boys from Chicago of working and middle class. Aged 7, 10,13 and 16
What was the methodology of Kohlberg’s study?
Self report. Participants took part in 2 hour interviews with 10 dilemmas including the Heinz Dilemma. Some boys were follower up every 3 years up to age 30-36.
Why was Kohlberg’s study cross sectional?
It was repeated in 6 different countries including UK, Mexico and Taiwan
What were the results of Kohlberg’s study?
Younger boys tended to perform in pre-morality.
Older boys performed at conventional morality. The results were consistent through cultures.
What is the aim of Gudjohnsson and Bownes’s study?
To examine the relationship between the type of offence and the attributions offenders make about their criminal acts.
What is the procedure of Gudjohnsson’s study?
Self report. Using a 42 item Blame Attribution Inventory from a previous study, offenders were interviewed. The type of offence committed by an offender to the three dimensions of attribution.
Who were the participants in Gudjohnsson’s study?
80 criminals serving sentences split into 3 groups, violent offenders, sexual assaults and property offences.
What are the results of Gudjohnsson’s study?
Sexual offenders are least likely to reoffend as the attribute the most guilt and the least external attributions. Violent offenders are likely to reoffend as they attribute the most external attributions.
What is the aim of Raine’s study?
To identify areas of brain dysfunction in individuals charged with murder but found not guilty by reason of insanity
What was the methodology of Raine?
Quasi experiment in laboratory using PET scans. Participants engaged in continuous performance tasks which activated specific areas in the brain.
What were the results of Raine’s study?
Murderers had reduced activation in regions of the brain associated with aggression.
They had reduced activation in some areas of the brain and increased activation in the same regions. One area being the amygdala.
What is the conclusion of Raine’s study?
Brain dysfunction can lead to crime. For example, If the amygdala is malfunctioning, people will have powerful mood swings and won’t experience fear.
Who were the participants in Raine’s study?
41 murderers, 39 male, 2 female all charged with manslaughter or murder and pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity.
The control group was matched on age, sex, including 6 with schizophrenia
What was the aim of Brunner’s study?
To exaplain aggression of a large family in the Netherlands affected by mental retardation and abnormal violence.
Who were the participants in Brunner’s study?
5 affected males from a family in the Netherlands.
What was the methodology of Brunner’s study?
Analysis of urine samples over a 24 hour period.
What are the results of Brunner’s study?
The genetic mutation that lead to problems in the production of MAOA affected the production serotonin effecting aggression.
What were the conclusions of Brunner’s study?
The defect in the gene leading to impaired serotonin metabolism is likely to be responsible for the mental retardation.
What is the aim of Daly and Wilson’s study?
To examine gender and age patterns in crime and violence
Who were the participants in Daly and Wilson’s study?
There were no participants. The study used data analysis in homicide cases
What was the procedure of Daly and Wilson’s study?
The study reviewed homicidal conflicts in Detroit analysing age and sex of perpetrators and victims.
What were the results of Daly and Wilson’s study?
Homicide is overwhelmingly a male affair.
Most homicides concern status competition.
What is the conclusion on Daly and Wilson’s study?
They argue that confrontational conflict is wide spread over the animal kingdom. Different selective pressures produce distinct male and female behavioural strategies, there is more intense competition for females among men.
