Turning To Crirme

Question 0

What design was Farrington?

Answer 0

Longitudinal survey

Question 1

Participants in Farrington

Answer 1

411 boys aged 8-9.
Followed up at the age of 48.
365 of the 394 that were still alive were reinterviewed

Question 2

What were the most important risk factors in Farrington’s study?

Answer 2

Family history, daring personality, poor parenting

Question 3

When the result were reanalysed what was found?

Answer 3

The loss of a mother was more significant than loss of a father and parental death was less significant than parental disharmony

Question 4

What is the conclusion for Farrington?

Answer 4

Disrupted families lead to crime.

Question 5

How many principles did Sutherland develop?

Answer 5

Nine

Question 6

What are three of Sutherland’s principles?

Answer 6

Criminal behaviour is learnt and not inherited or as a result of biological condition.
Criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication and gesturing.
The principle part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate person groups.

Question 7

What is Sutherland’s conclusion?

Answer 7

Deviance occurs when people define a certain human situation as an appropriate occasion for violating social norms

Question 8

What is Wikstrom and Tafel’s aim?

Answer 8

To investigate why young people commit crime

Question 9

What design did Wikstrom and Tafel use?

Answer 9

A cross sectional snapshot study

Question 10

Who was the sample in Wikstrom and Tafel’s study?

Answer 10

Nearly 2000 year 10 students from Petersborough

Question 11

Explain Wikstrom and Tafel’s procedure.

Answer 11

Questionnaires were distributed with a return rate of 93%. 20% were then selected for a more in depth interview.

Question 12

What were the findings of Wikstrom and Tafel’s study?

Answer 12

Criminal behaviour of a less serious nature was common among the group.
Young people from disadvantaged background had more risk factors by the study did not find that social disadvantage is a strong predictor of delinquency.

Question 13

What was the aim of Yocheleon and Samenow’s study?

Answer 13

To understand the make up of the criminal personality

Question 14

Who were the participants for Yochelson and Samenow’s study?

Answer 14

255 male participants from various backgrounds. There was no control group. Only 30 participants completed the programme if interviews

Question 15

What was the procedure for Yochelson and Samenow?

Answer 15

A longitudinal study over 14 years using self report interviews. The programme consisted of a freudian based therapy.

Question 16

What did Yochelson and Samenow find?

Answer 16

On 9 genuinely changed. Found 52 faulty thinking patterns.

Question 17

What are three examples of faulty thinking patterns ?

Answer 17

Super optimism, need for power and control, fantasised about committing crime

Question 18

What was the aim of Kohlberg’s study?

Answer 18

To find evidence in support of a progression through stages of moral development.

Question 19

Who were the participants in Kohlberg’s study?

Answer 19

58 boys from Chicago of working and middle class. Aged 7, 10,13 and 16

Question 20

What was the methodology of Kohlberg’s study?

Answer 20

Self report. Participants took part in 2 hour interviews with 10 dilemmas including the Heinz Dilemma. Some boys were follower up every 3 years up to age 30-36.

Question 21

Why was Kohlberg’s study cross sectional?

Answer 21

It was repeated in 6 different countries including UK, Mexico and Taiwan

Question 22

What were the results of Kohlberg’s study?

Answer 22

Younger boys tended to perform in pre-morality.

Older boys performed at conventional morality. The results were consistent through cultures.

Question 23

What is the aim of Gudjohnsson and Bownes’s study?

Answer 23

To examine the relationship between the type of offence and the attributions offenders make about their criminal acts.

Question 24

What is the procedure of Gudjohnsson’s study?

Answer 24

Self report. Using a 42 item Blame Attribution Inventory from a previous study, offenders were interviewed. The type of offence committed by an offender to the three dimensions of attribution.

Question 25

Who were the participants in Gudjohnsson’s study?

Answer 25

80 criminals serving sentences split into 3 groups, violent offenders, sexual assaults and property offences.

Question 26

What are the results of Gudjohnsson’s study?

Answer 26

Sexual offenders are least likely to reoffend as the attribute the most guilt and the least external attributions. Violent offenders are likely to reoffend as they attribute the most external attributions.

Question 27

What is the aim of Raine’s study?

Answer 27

To identify areas of brain dysfunction in individuals charged with murder but found not guilty by reason of insanity

Question 28

What was the methodology of Raine?

Answer 28

Quasi experiment in laboratory using PET scans. Participants engaged in continuous performance tasks which activated specific areas in the brain.

Question 29

What were the results of Raine’s study?

Answer 29

Murderers had reduced activation in regions of the brain associated with aggression.
They had reduced activation in some areas of the brain and increased activation in the same regions. One area being the amygdala.

Question 30

What is the conclusion of Raine’s study?

Answer 30

Brain dysfunction can lead to crime. For example, If the amygdala is malfunctioning, people will have powerful mood swings and won’t experience fear.

Question 31

Who were the participants in Raine’s study?

Answer 31

41 murderers, 39 male, 2 female all charged with manslaughter or murder and pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity.
The control group was matched on age, sex, including 6 with schizophrenia

Question 32

What was the aim of Brunner’s study?

Answer 32

To exaplain aggression of a large family in the Netherlands affected by mental retardation and abnormal violence.

Question 33

Who were the participants in Brunner’s study?

Answer 33

5 affected males from a family in the Netherlands.

Question 34

What was the methodology of Brunner’s study?

Answer 34

Analysis of urine samples over a 24 hour period.

Question 35

What are the results of Brunner’s study?

Answer 35

The genetic mutation that lead to problems in the production of MAOA affected the production serotonin effecting aggression.

Question 36

What were the conclusions of Brunner’s study?

Answer 36

The defect in the gene leading to impaired serotonin metabolism is likely to be responsible for the mental retardation.

Question 37

What is the aim of Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 37

To examine gender and age patterns in crime and violence

Question 38

Who were the participants in Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 38

There were no participants. The study used data analysis in homicide cases

Question 39

What was the procedure of Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 39

The study reviewed homicidal conflicts in Detroit analysing age and sex of perpetrators and victims.

Question 40

What were the results of Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 40

Homicide is overwhelmingly a male affair.

Most homicides concern status competition.

Question 41

What is the conclusion on Daly and Wilson’s study?

Answer 41

They argue that confrontational conflict is wide spread over the animal kingdom. Different selective pressures produce distinct male and female behavioural strategies, there is more intense competition for females among men.