Dysfunctional Behaviour

Question 0

Explain the DSM.

Answer 0

The manual is published by the American Psychiatric Association and is a multi axial diagnostic system.
The DSM is more complex than the ICD as clinicians have to decide whether the disorder is a clinical or personality disorder.
The patient’s general condition, social and environmental problems are also considered. There are 5 categories used

Question 1

What is the DSM?

Answer 1

The DSM is a manual used to categorise and diagnose dysfunctional behaviour. The disorders ate updated as they change with time.

Question 2

What is the aim of Ford and Widiger’s study?

Answer 2

To find out if clinicians stereotype genders in diagnosing disorders

Question 3

What was the method of Ford and Widiger’s study?

Answer 3

Self report- health practitioners were given scenarios and asked to make a diagnosis. The IV was the gender of the patient and the DV was type of diagnosis

Question 4

Who were the participants in Ford and Widiger’s study?

Answer 4

354 experienced clinical psychologists selected randomly from the national register.

Question 5

What was the procedure of Ford and Widiger’s stuy?

Answer 5

Participants were randomly provided with one of nine cases. Case studies of patients with antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder or an equal number of symptoms were given to each clinician for diagnosis. The clinicians were also told that the patient was male, female or unspecified.

Question 6

What were the results of Ford and Widiger’s study?

Answer 6

Borderline personality disorder was the diagnosis made most often across all three cases when sex was unspecified.
Females with antisocial personality disorder were misdiagnosed with histrionic disorder almost half of the time.

Question 7

What was the aim if watson and raynor’s study?

Answer 7

To investigate whether a human baby cab learn a fear of white rats using classical conditioning.

Question 8

Who were the participants in Watson and Raynor’s study?

Answer 8

Little albert 11 months old

Question 9

What was the procedure of Watson and Raynor’s study?

Answer 9

At 11 months he was presented with s white rat. He initially showed no fear and reached out to it. At this point the researchers loudly struck a steel bar behind him. The rat and the noise were paired together causing the baby distress.

Question 10

What was the aim of Gottesman and Shield’s study ?

Answer 10

To review research on genetic transmissions of schizophrenia

Question 11

Who were the participants of Gottesman and Shield’s study?

Answer 11

210 monozygotic twin pairs and 319 dizygotic twin pairs

Question 12

Explain Gottesman and Shield’s study.

Answer 12

Biological parents and siblings and adoptive parents and siblings were compared. Adoption studies are used to help to determine whether schizophrenia has an environmental or biological cause. The concordance rate was not 100% indicating there must be an environmental impact. The concordance rate was significantly lower for dizygotic so the biological impact had greater significance.

Question 13

What is the aim of Beck et al’s study?

Answer 13

To understand cognitive distortions in patients with depression

Question 14

Who were the participants in Beck’s study?

Answer 14

50 patients diagnosed with depression, aged 18-48 with a median age of 34.

Question 15

What was the procedure of Beck’s study?

Answer 15

Face to face interviews with retrospective reports of patients’ thoughts before the session. Some patients kept diaries of their thoughts and brought them to the therapy session.

Question 16

What were the findings of Beck’s study?

Answer 16

Certain themes appear in the depressed patients that did not appear in the non depressed patients. Examples of these were low self-esteem, self-blame and paranoia.

Question 17

What was the conclusion of Beck’s study?

Answer 17

Even in mild depression, patients have cognitive distortions that deviate from realistic and logical thinking.

Question 18

What was the aim of McGrath’s study?

Answer 18

To treat a girl with specific noise phobias using systematic desensitisation.

Question 19

What was the methodology of McGrath’s study?

Answer 19

Case study of a 9 year old girl with a fear of sudden noises.

Question 20

What was the procedure of McGrath’s study?

Answer 20

Lucy was brought to therapy sessions and constructed a hierarchy of noises ranging from door banging to balloons popping. She was taught breathing techniques and imagery to relax

Question 21

What were the findings if McGrath’s study?

Answer 21

In the first session she cried and gad to be taken out when a balloon popped. By the 5th session she was able to pop a balloon herself. Her fear of balloons had gone from 9/10 to 3/10

Question 22

What was the aim of Karp and Frank’s study?

Answer 22

A review article of previous research into the effectiveness of single treatments and combined drug treatments for depression.

Question 23

What was the procedure of Karp and Frank’s study?

Answer 23

The researcher focused on women diagnosed with depression. The researcher reviewed patients having single drug treatment, single psychological treatment, combined treatments and sometimes placebo groups. Depression was analysed using a variety of depression inventories and patients were tested generally prior to treatment and after treatment.

Question 24

What were the findings of Karp and Frank’s study?

Answer 24

Many studies found that adding psychological treatments did not increase effectiveness but those given combined therapy were more likely ti continue with treatment.

Question 25

What was the aim of Rush’d study?

Answer 25

To compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and drug therapy.

Question 26

What was the methodology of Rush’s study?

Answer 26

Controlled experiment with participants allocated to one of two conditions.

Question 27

Who were the participants of Rush’s study?

Answer 27

44 patients diagnosed with moderate to severe depression

Question 28

What was the procedure of Rush’s study?

Answer 28

Patients were assessed for depression using self report before treatment. For 12 weeks patients had either a 1 hour cognitive session twice a week or antidepressants prescribed by visiting a doctor once a week.

Question 29

What were the findings of Rush’s study?

Answer 29

Both groups showed significant decrease in depression symptoms on all three rating scales.
The attrition rate was 5% in cognitive and 32% in the drug treatment.