Tumours, Pneumonia, Atelectasis Flashcards
2 main causes of lung cancer
Smoking
Environmental exposures
2 types of lung cancer
Small cell
Non-small cell
Where does small cell lung cancer develop? how does it spread? common?
- develops in bronchial cell mucosa
- Spread rapidly: metastasizes early
20-25%
3 types of non-small cell lung cancer
Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell
Where does squamous cell lung cancer develop? how does it spread?
In central portion near hilum
Spread slow, metastasizes late
Where does adenocarcinoma lung spread? How common?
slow to mod spread, early mets t/o lungs, brain, organs
35-40%
Where does large cell lung cancer spread? prognosis?
rapid spread, wide spread mets, kidney, liver, adrenals,
poor prognosis
PT management of lung cancer?
Manage fatigue
_____ is the #2 cause of death for brain conditions (stroke #1)
Brain tumours
What is the survival rate of brain tumours
50% chance of survival, significant cause of death in kids (intra-tentorial)
4 types of brain tumour
Intracerebral primary
Intracerebral metastatic
Medulloblastomas
Neuromas
Key feature of intrecerebral primary brain tumours
Tumour neurons don’t proliferate - (other cells (glia) around proliferate)
What do intracerebral metastatic tumours come from
lung
breast
prostate
How does the body compensate for o Intracerebral Metastatic tumours
- compensate by decreased brain tissue volume, CSF volume + blood flow volume
What is the key feature of medulloblastomas
Frequently metastasize to other areas in brain/spine
Brain tumours S&S
- nerve root pain, worse at night, pain with cough, radicular pain
- headache and seizure, nausea, vomit, cognition and behavior
Brain tumour Rx
Surgery or radiation
What is pneumonia
inflammation of parenchyma of lungs (lung tissue) with development of intra-alveolar exudate
Pneumonia Causes o
- bacterial, viral or fungal (NORMALLY – airborne pathogens)
- inhalation of toxic chemicals (smoke, dust, gas)
- aspiration (ie. of stomach contents, vomit contains bacteria)
- impaired consciousness : intoxication, after surgery, neuro disease, drowning
Pneumonia types
Typical
Atypical (walking pneumonia)
What are the features of typical pneumonia
- Sudden onset of symptoms: usually bacterial cause
- Fever, sputum, physical consolidation signs
What are the features of atypical pneumonia
No symptoms, little sputum, minimal chest signs
Pneumonia S&S
- Most preceded by upper rep infection then Sudden + sharp chest pain
- productive cough - green sputum
- tachypnea (increased rate of breathing)
- SOB
Pneumonia Rx
- antibacterials/antibiotics
- airway clearance techniques
- antifungals (if fungal infection)
- oxygen support
Does hospital acquired (nosocomial) or community acquired pneumonia have a higher mortality rate
Hospital
What is atelectasis
Collapse of normally expanded & aerated lung tissue, may involve all or part of the lung
Atelectasis mechanisms
- blockage of bronchus/bronchiole
- lung is prevented from expanding due to: paralysis, diaphragmatic disorders, mucous or airway obstruction, hypoventilation
- compression external force or pressure that prevents alveoli from expanding - pneumothorax, pleural effusion, space-occupying lesion (tumor)
- post-anesthetic: effects of anesthesia and prolonged recumbency
Atelectasis S&S
- CXR - shifting of lung structures toward collapse - if entire lob may show shadow on chest xray
- Quiet breath sounds
- Dyspnea
- Tachypnea
- Cyanosis - low O2 saturation - skin’s blue
Atelectasis Rx
- identify underlying cause
- suctioning if due to secretions
- chest tube if due to pneumo/hemo thorax or extensive pleural effusion
