Adult/Infant respiratory distress syndrome Flashcards
What is ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• acute respiratory failure with severe hypoxemia - result of pulmonary or systemic problem
What is the pathology of ARDS
lung injury characterized by increased permeability on alveolar capillary membrane
- leakage of fluid and blood into lung interstitium + alveoli
ARDS Causes
o severe trauma
o aspiration
o embolism
o indirect - secondary to viral infection or pneumonia
Result of ARDS
- INFLAMMATORY reaction
- alveolar edema and collapse
- Chest XRay: KEY feature = WHITE out
ARDS Rx
- PEEP: keeps airways open
- tackle underlying cause
- PRONE position
What is SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
• viral respiratory illness - caused by SARS coronavirus
SARS S&S
Flu-like: fever, myalgia, cough, sore throat, lethargy
SARS result
Can lead to pneumonia
What is a lung abscess
Infection leading to necrosis of lung tissue and cavity formation with necrotic debris
Lung abscess cause
gross aspiration of bacteria (ie. intoxication) - body tries to localize with wall of tissue
what is IRDS? Who does it occur in?
INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
- occurs in infants whose lungs have not fully developed
IRDS key feature
Lack surfactant: helps lungs inflate with air and keeps the sacs from collapsing
IRDS Risk Factors
- Prematurity
- C-section
- multiple pregnancies
- blue baby
- stops breathing, grunts
IRDS Rx
Deliver artificial surfactant
What is Hypoxemic respiratory failure
Gas exchange failure: arterial hypoxemia = decreased blood O2, no increase in CO2
Hypoxemic respiratory failure causes
- Pneumonia
- ARDS
- Obstructive lung disease
- Pulmonary embolism
What is hypercapnic respiratory failure
++ CO2 in blood - decrease in blood O2
Hypercapnic respiratory failure causes
- Decreased ventilation d/t drugs
- Decreased resp control
- acute upper/lower airway obstruction
- weak/impaired resp mm
- SCI
What is Asthma
chronic inflammation of lungs with variable expiratory airflow limitation + hyper-responsiveness (recurrent episodes)
Asthma S&S
Wheezing
Breathlessness
Chest tightness
Coughing (often reversible unlike COPD)
2 types of asthma
extrinsic and intrinsic
What is extrinsic asthma
What is it’s pathophysiology
Allergic or atopic
Normally due to allergen
mast cells release mediators which cause bronchospasm and hypersecretion
What is intrinsic asthma
Non-allergic
Hypersensitivity to bacteria, virus, drugs, cold air, exercise, stress, etc. (environmental triggers)
Extrinsic asthma is more common in _____
Intrinsic is more common in ____
Kids
Adults
What occurs during an asthma attack
- gas exchange normal
- hyperinflated
- normal elastic recoil
- exercise capacity reduced
Asthma Rx
- Self-management and education (avoid triggers, inhaler technique/adherence)
- pharmacological - inhaled corticosteroids (daily controller therapy)
- if exercise induced: smooth mm constricts. teach upright, lean forward and pursed lip breathing
