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Clinical Chemistry 2 (Lecture) > Tumor Markers (F) > Flashcards

Tumor Markers (F) Flashcards

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1
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: α-Fetoprotein (AFP)

A

1) Liver
2) Aid dx, monitor therapy, and detect recurrence
3) Produced by fetal liver; re-expressed in certain tumors; also increased / high in hepatitis and pregnancy

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2
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and cancer antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29)

A

1) Breast
2) Stage disease, monitor therapy, and detect recurrence
3) 2 different assays for same marker; can be increased / high w/ other CAs and non-cancerous conditions

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3
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)

A

1) Pancreatic
2) Stage disease, monitor therapy, and detect recurrence
3) Can be increased / high w/ other CAs and non-cancerous conditions

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4
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)

A

1) Ovarian
2) Aid dx, monitor therapy, and detect recurrence
3) Can be increased / high w/ other CAs and gynecological conditions

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5
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

A

1) Colorectal
2) Monitor therapy and detect recurrence
3) Fetal Ag re-expressed in tumors; can be increased / high w/ other CAs, non-cancerous conditions, and in smokers

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6
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

1) Ovarian and testicular; also gestational trophoblastic diseases
2) Aid dx, monitor therapy, and detect recurrence
3) Increased / high in pregnancy

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7
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

A

1) Prostate
2) Screening, aid dx, monitor therapy, and detect recurrence
3) Currently most widely used tumor marker; screening asymptomatic men is controversial; some men w/ prostate CA don’t have increased / high PSA; PSA can be increased / high in other conditions; measurement of free PSA may be helpful when PSA is borderline

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8
Q

Provide the ff for the given tumor marker:

1) Type of CA for w/c marker is most often used
2) Clinical use
3) Comments

Given tumor marker: Thyroglobulin

A

1) Thyroid
2) Monitor therapy and detect recurrence
3) Increased / high in other thyroid diseases; antithyroglobulin Abs should be measured at same time; can interfere w/ assays

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9
Q

True or False

Tumor markers alone cannot diagnose CA

A

True

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10
Q

True or False

All tumor markers are not useful for screening

A

False, because most tumor markers are not useful for screening

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of tumor markers?

A

1) These are non-specific

2) These can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions

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12
Q

True or False

All pts w/ CA do not have elevated tumor markers

A

False, because some pts w/ CA do not have elevated tumor markers

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13
Q

True or False

Serial testing is more useful > a single test

A

True

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14
Q

True or False

W/ successful treatment, tumor marker lvls should decline and return to normal

A

True

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15
Q

True or False

Increasing lvls of tumor markers following treatment might indicate a recurrence

A

True

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16
Q

How are AFP, CA 15-3 & CA 27.29, CA 19-9, CA 125, CEA, hCG, PSA, and thyroglobulin measured?

A

By / via immunoassay

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17
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is minimum effective concentration (MEC)?

A

It is the lowest concentration of drug in blood that will produce desired effect

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18
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is minimum toxic concentration (MTC)?

A

It is the lowest concentration of drug in blood that will produce adverse response

19
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is therapeutic index?

A

It is the ratio of MTC to MEC

20
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is trough?

A

It is the lowest conc. of drug measured in blood

21
Q

When is trough reached?

A

It is reached just before next scheduled dose

22
Q

What should observed for trough?

A

It shouldn’t fall below MEC

23
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is peak?

A

It is the highest concentration of drug measured in blood

24
Q

When is peak drawn?

A

It is drawn immediately on achievement of steady state

25
Q

What should be observed to peak?

A

It should not exceed MTC

26
Q

What is steady state?

A

It is the amt of drug absorbed and distributed = amt of drug metabolized and excreted

27
Q

When is steady state usually reached?

A

After 5 - 7 half-lives

28
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is half-life?

A

It is the time required for conc. of drug to be decreased by half

29
Q

In relation to therapeutic drug monitoring, what is pharmacokinetics?

A

This is the rates of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion

30
Q

What are the most common methods for therapeutic drug monitoring?

A

1) Immunoassay

2) Chromatography

31
Q

What are the therapeutic drug groups?

A

1) Analgesics
2) Antiepileptics
3) Antineoplastics
4) Antibiotics
5) Cardioactives
6) Psychoactives
7) Immunosuppressants

32
Q

What are the representative drugs in analgesics grp?

A

1) Salicylates

2) Acetaminophen

33
Q

What are the representative drugs in antiepileptics grp?

A

1) Phenobarbital
2) Phenytoin
3) Valproic acid
4) Carbamazepine
5) Ethosuximide
6) Felbamate
7) Gabapentin
8) Lamotrigine

34
Q

What is the representative drug in antineoplastics grp?

A

Methotrexate

35
Q

What are the representative drugs in antibiotics grp?

A

1) Aminoglycosides
a. Amikacin
b. Gentamicin
c. Kanamycin
d. Tobramycin
2) Vancomycin

36
Q

What are the representative drugs in cardioactives grp?

A

1) Digoxin
2) Disopyramide
3) Procainamide
4) Quinidine

37
Q

What are the representative drugs in psychoactives grp?

A

1) Tricyclic antidepressants

2) Lithium

38
Q

What are the representative drugs in immunosuppressants grp?

A

1) Cyclosporine

2) Tacrolimus (FK-506)

39
Q

What are the different substances (/ toxic grps)?

A

1) Ethanol
2) Carbon monoxide
3) Arsenic
4) Lead
5) Pesticides

40
Q

What are the analytic methods for ethanol?

A

1) Gas chromatography

2) Enzymatic methods

41
Q

What are the analytic methods for carbon monoxide?

A

1) Differential spectrophotometry (co-oximeter)

2) Gas chromatography

42
Q

What is the analytic method for arsenic?

A

Atomic absorption

43
Q

What is the analytic method for lead?

A

Atomic absorption

44
Q

What is the analytic method for pesticides?

A

Measurement of serum pseudocholinesterase

Clinical Chemistry 2 (Lecture) (17 decks)

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