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Clinical Chemistry 2 (Lecture) > Trace and Toxic Elements (F) > Flashcards

Trace and Toxic Elements (F) Flashcards

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1
Q

When are trace elements considered essential?

A

If a deficiency impairs a biochemical or fxnal process and replacement of element corrects impairment

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2
Q

Essential trace elements are associated w/ what?

A

W/ an enzyme or other protein as an essential component or cofactor

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3
Q

Excess concs. of essential trace elements are associated w/ what?

A

W/ some degree of toxicity

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4
Q

What are the exs of trace elements (in mg/L)?

A

1) Iron
2) Copper
3) Zinc

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5
Q

What are the exs of ultratrace elements (w/c are

A

1) Selenium
2) Chromium
3) Manganese

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6
Q

What is the characteristic of non-essential trace elements?

A

These are of medical interest

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7
Q

Why are non-essential trace elements of medical interest?

A

Because many of them are toxic

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8
Q

Sxs must be collected w/ what (in connection w/ sx collection and processing)?

A

W/ scrupulous attention to details (such as anticoagulant, collection apparatus, and sx type)

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9
Q

What is the characteristic of trace elements in biologic sxs?

A

These are of low conc.

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10
Q

What is the characteristic of trace elements in environment?

A

These are ubiquitous

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11
Q

Since trace elements are of low conc. (in biologic sxs) and ubiquitous (in environment), what must be done (in connection w/ sx collection and processing)?

A

Much care must be taken (to avoid contaminating sxs)

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12
Q

What must be used (in terms of sx collection and processing)?

A

1) Special sampling
2) Collection devices
3) Specially cleaned glassware
4) H2O and rgnts of high purity

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13
Q

What must be done to the lab environment (in connection to sx collection and processing)?

A

It must be carefully controlled

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14
Q

How can the lab environment be carefully controlled (in connection w/ sx collection and processing)?

A

1) Placement of trace elements (in separate room)
2) Use of sticky mats (at doors)
3) Non-shedding ceiling tiles
4) Controlled air flow
5) Disposable booties

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15
Q

What are the methods for trace elements?

A

1) Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES)
2) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
3) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

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16
Q

What are the 3 most impt components of AE spectrophotometer (in connection w/ AES)?

A

1) Source
2) Wavelength selecting device
3) Detector

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17
Q

What is the characteristic of the source (w/c is an impt component of AE spectrophotometer)?

A

It is sufficiently hot (to produce excited-state spp.)

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18
Q

What is the use of wavelength selecting device (as a most impt component of AE spectrophotometer)?

A

For spectral dispersion of radiation and separation of analytic line from other radiation

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19
Q

What is the action of the detector (as 1 of the most impt components of AE spectrophotometer)?

A

Permitting measurement of radiation intensity

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20
Q

What should be done to liquid sx containing element (in connection w/ AES)?

A

It is converted into an aerosol and delivered into source (where it receives energy to emit radiation)

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21
Q

The intensity of emitted radiation is correlated to what (in connection w/ AES)?

A

It is correlated to conc. of an analyte and is basis for quantitation

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22
Q

What is the flow of the simplified schematic of AES?

A

Flame or plasma (light emission) -> monochromator -> detector

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23
Q

What is AAS (what is its principle)?

A

It is an analytic procedure for quantification of elements through absorption of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase

Spectra of atoms are line spectra, sp. for absorbing elements

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24
Q

What are the 4 most impt components of AA spectrophotometer (in connection to AAS)?

A

1) Radiation light source
2) Atomizer
3) Monochromator
4) Detector

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25
Q

What is the action of radiation light source (as 1 of the most impt components of AA spectrophotometer)

A

Emits spectrum of analyte

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26
Q

What is the component of AA spectrophotometer in w/c atoms of element are formed?

A

Atomizer

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27
Q

What is the action of monochromator (as 1 of the most impt components of AA spectrophotometer)?

A

For spectral dispersion of radiation and separation of analytic line from other radiation

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28
Q

What is the action of detector (as 1 of the most impt components of AA spectrophotometer)?

A

Permitting measurement of radiation intensity

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29
Q

What is the flow of the simplified scheme of AAS instrumentation?

A

Light source -> flame or graphite furnace (light absorption) -> monochromator -> detector

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30
Q

What is ICP-MS?

A

It is a state-of-the-art analytic technique for elemental analysis

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31
Q

What is the action of ICP-MS?

A

It measures mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of selected analyte ions

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32
Q

ICP-MS includes what?

A

1) Ion source
2) m/z analyzer
3) Ion detector

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33
Q

Argon plasma induced by ICP instruments generates what (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?

A

High temp (~ 6,000 - ~ 10,000 K)

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34
Q

What are the several purposes that are served by argon plasma induced by ICP instruments (w/c generates high temp; in connection w/ ICP-MS)?

A

1) Dries droplets (produced by nebulizer)
2) Vaporizes dried particles
3) Atomizes any molecular spp.
4) Thermally ionizes atoms

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35
Q

What are the interferences for / in ICP-MS?

A

1) Spectroscopic

2) Non-spectroscopic

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36
Q

Spectroscopic interferences results from what (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?

A

From a spectral overlap w/ spectrum of target analyte

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37
Q

What are the exs of ICP-MS spectral interferences?

A

1) Polyatomic spp. (whose m/z may overlap m/z of target analyte)
2) Nearby elements (in periodic table)
3) Doubly charged ions

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38
Q

What is the ex of non-spectroscopic interference in ICP-MS?

A

Matrix interferences

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39
Q

What are non-spectroscopic interferences?

A

Anything interfering w/ atomization

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40
Q

What is the principle of elemental speciation (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?

A

Because toxicity of an element may vary by its chemical form, methods are needed to identify specific chemical forms

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41
Q

What is hyphenated analysis (in connection w/ elemental speciation)?

A

It is the combination of complementary analytic techniques to measure sp. form of analyte

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42
Q

What is under elemental speciation (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?

A

Liquid chromatography-ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS)

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43
Q

What are the alternative analytic techniques (in connection w/ ICP-MS)?

A

1) Neutron activation analysis, voltametric methods
2) Ion chromatography
3) Gas chromatography
4) Mass spectrometry
5) Laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS)

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44
Q

Provide exs of trace elements

A

1) Aluminum
2) Arsenic
3) Cadmium
4) Chromium
5) Copper
6) Iron
7) Lead
8) Mercury
9) Manganese
10) Molybdenum
11) Selenium
12) Zinc

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45
Q

What are the health effects caused by aluminum?

A

1) Interference w/ enzymatic processes
2) Encephalopathy
3) Bone disease
4) Proximal myopathy
5) Increased risk of infection
6) Ingestion orally
7) Inhalation
8) Parenterally

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46
Q

How are the health effects caused by aluminum primarily measured?

A

By ICP-MS or GFAAS

47
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by arsenic?

A

1) These are non-essential

2) These have no known fxn in human physiology

48
Q

What is the health effect caused by arsenic?

A

It is toxic

49
Q

How can exposure to arsenic occur?

A

1) Ingestion in food (seafood)
2) Ingestion of H2O
3) Ingestion of drink
3) Inhalation

50
Q

What are the forms of health effects caused by arsenic?

A

1) Nontoxic (organic forms clear rapidly)

2) Toxic (inorganic forms clear slowly)

51
Q

In terms of toxicity brought by arsenic, exposure to arsenic can lead to what?

A

1) Acute intoxication

2) Chronic intoxication

52
Q

What does inorganic form (in terms of toxicity of arsenic) produce?

A

Symptoms (w/c can be lethal)

53
Q

What is the characteristic of organic spp. (in connection w/ toxicity brought by arsenic)?

A

These are relatively non-toxic

54
Q

What is the characteristic of health effects caused by cadmium?

A

1) These are non-essential

2) These have no known fxn in human physiology

55
Q

What is the health effects brought by cadmium?

A

These are toxic

56
Q

How can exposure to cadmium occur?

A

1) Inhaled in tobacco smoke

2) Ingested in food

57
Q

How is absorption of cadmium done?

A

1) Inhaled (10 - 50%)
2) GI (5%)
3) Excretion in feces (90%)

58
Q

The toxicity brought by cadmium can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Renal dysfxn
2) Nasal epithelial and lung damage
3) Respiratory distress
4) Nausea
5) Vomiting
6) Abdominal pain (if ingested in great amts)

59
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by chromium?

A

1) These are essential

2) These helps maintain metabolism of glucose, fat, and chole

60
Q

What are the actions done to chromium (in connection to its absorption, transport, and excretion)?

A

Absorbed -> bound in blood to transferrin -> transported by albumin

61
Q

The deficiency of chromium can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Glucose intolerance
2) Glycosuria
3) Hypercholesterolemia
4) Decreased longevity
5) Decreased sperm cts
6) Impaired fertility

62
Q

The toxicity caused by chromium can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Dermatitis
2) Skin ulcers
3) Eczema (cutaneous contact)
4) Airway irritation and obstruction
5) Lung CA (inhaled)

63
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by copper?

A

1) These are essential

2) A cmpt of several metalloenzymes

64
Q

How does copper exposure occur?

A

Ingested in food (~ 10 mg/day)

65
Q

How does absorption of copper occur?

A

1) Dietary intake (50 - 80%)
2) Excretion of dietary intake in feces (50%)
3) Excretion in urine and sweat (3%)

66
Q

Copper deficiency can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Neutropenia
2) Hypochromic anemia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Decreased pigmentation of skin
5) General pallor

67
Q

Copper toxicity can lead to what condition?

A

Wilson’s disease (neurologic disorders, liver dysfxn, Kayser-Fleischer rings in cornea)

68
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by iron?

A

1) These are essential

2) A cmpt of hgb and myoglobin

69
Q

How can exposure to iron occur?

A

Ingested in food

70
Q

What must be done to exposure to iron (in connection to absorption)?

A

It must be reduced to FE(II) for absorption

71
Q

How can absorption of iron occur?

A

Dietary intake (10%)

72
Q

How is transport of iron done?

A

It is carried by transferrin to bone marrow and incorporated into hgb

73
Q

Iron deficiency can lead to what condition?

A

Anemia

74
Q

Iron toxicity can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Tissue accumulation
2) Liver fxn
3) Hyperpigmentation

75
Q

What are the characteristics of health effects caused by lead?

A

1) These are non-essential
2) No known fxn in human physiology
3) These are toxic

76
Q

How can exposure to lead occur?

A

1) Respiratory

2) GI

77
Q

How can absorption of lead occur?

A

1) Inhaled (30 - 40%)

2) Variable in GI

78
Q

How can excretion of lead occur?

A

1) Urine (76%)
2) Feces (16%)
3) Hair (8%)
4) Sweat
5) Nails

79
Q

Lead toxicity can lead to what conditions (in children)?

A

1) IQ declines
2) Clumsiness
3) Gait issues
4) Headache
5) Behavioral changes
6) Seizures
7) Cognitive and behavioral problems

80
Q

Lead toxicity can lead to what conditions (in adults)?

A

1) Peripheral neuropathies
2) Motor weakness
3) Chronic renal insufficiency
4) Systolic hypertension
5) Anemia

81
Q

What are the characteristics of health effects caused by mercury?

A

1) These are non-essential
2) No known fxn in human physiology
3) These are toxic

82
Q

How can exposure to mercury occur?

A

1) Inhalation
2) Ingestion (fish)
3) Cutaneous
4) Injection (tattoo pigments)
5) Dental amalgams

83
Q

How can mercury absorption occur?

A

1) Inhaled (80%)

2) GI (~ 0%)

84
Q

What are the ways for excretion of mercury?

A

1) Fecal

2) Urinary

85
Q

Mercury toxicity is primarily through what?

A

Primarily through rxn w/ sulfhydryl grps

86
Q

What are the ways to acquire mercury toxicity?

A

1) Inhaled vapor

2) Inorganic salts

87
Q

Inhaled vapor (in connection w/ mercury toxicity) can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Nervous
2) Digestive
3) Immune systems

88
Q

Inorganic salts (in connection w/ mercury toxicity) can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Skin
2) Eyes
3) GIT
4) Kidneys

89
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by manganese?

A

1) These are essential
2) A cmpt of metalloenzymes
3) An active activator

90
Q

How can absorption of manganese occur?

A

Dietary intake (2 - 15%)

91
Q

What are the cmpts that affects manganese absorption?

A

1) Iron
2) Ca
3) Phosphates
4) Fiber

92
Q

Manganese deficiency can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Blood clotting defects
2) Hypocholesterolemia
3) Dermatitis
4) Heart and bone problems
5) Stunted growth (in children)

93
Q

Manganese toxicity can lead to what?

A

1) Nausea
2) Vomiting
3) Headache
4) Disorientation
5) Memory loss
6) Anxiety
7) Compulsive laughing or crying

94
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by molybdenum?

A

1) These are essential

2) A cmpt of at least 3 enzymes

95
Q

How can absorption of molybdenum occur?

A

Dietary intake (25 - 80%)

96
Q

How can excretion of molybdenum occur?

A

1) Urine

2) Bile

97
Q

What is the characteristic of molybdenum deficiency?

A

It is an inherited disorder

98
Q

What are the causes of molybdenum deficiency?

A

1) Seizures
2) Anterior lens dislocation
3) Decreased brain weight
4) Death prior to age 1

99
Q

What is the characteristic of molybdenum characteristic?

A

It is rare

100
Q

Molybdenum toxicity is related to what?

A

Elevated uric acid in blood and an increased incidence of gout

101
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects caused by selenium?

A

1) These are essential
2) Part of cellular antioxidant defense system against free radicals
3) Involved in metabolism of thyroid hormones

102
Q

How can selenium exposure occur?

A

1) Food

2) Drinking H2O

103
Q

How can absorption of selenium occur?

A

Dietary intake (50% >)

104
Q

How can excretion of selenium occur?

A

1) Urine
2) Feces
3) Sweat

105
Q

Selenium deficiency can lead to what conditions?

A

1) Cardiomyopathy
2) Muscle weakness
3) Osteoarthritis

106
Q

What are the characteristics of selenium toxicity?

A

1) It is rare
2) Only from 1 form of selenium
3) Not present in food

107
Q

Selenium toxicity causes what?

A

1) Nausea
2) Vomiting
3) Hair loss
4) Nail changes
5) Diarrhea

108
Q

What are the characteristics of the health effects of zinc?

A

1) These are essential
2) These influences 300 enzymes > and synthesis and metabolism of proteins
3) Participates in glycolysis and chole metabolism

109
Q

How does zinc absorption occur?

A

Occurs mainly in small intestine

110
Q

What are the distribution of zinc in the blood?

A

Between:

1) RBCs (80%)
2) WBCs (3%

111
Q

How can zinc excretion occur?

A

In feces (90%)

112
Q

What is the characteristic of zinc deficiency?

A

It is widespread

113
Q

Zinc deficiency causes what conditions?

A

1) Growth retardation
2) Slow skeletal maturation
3) Testicular atrophy
4) Reduced taste perception

114
Q

Zinc toxicity causes what conditions?

A

1) GIT symptoms

2) Decreased heme synthesis

Clinical Chemistry 2 (Lecture) (17 decks)

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