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MLS Immunology > Tumor Markers (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Tumor Markers (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the relationship between the immune system and cancer cells.

A

Tumor immunology

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2
Q

Regulatory gene that promotes cell division.

A

Proto-oncogene

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3
Q

Mutated proto-oncogene; can cause uninhibited cell growth

A

Oncogene

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4
Q

Slows down cell division or initiates apoptosis

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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5
Q

Antigen excess can saturate antibodies and the intended “sandwich” configurations cannot form, leading to a false decrease in signal.

A

The Hook Effect

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6
Q

What are the phases of tumor development?

A

Induction phase
In situ phase
Invasion phase

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7
Q

Tumors similar to normal tissue

A

Well-differentiated

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8
Q

Tumors similar to fetal or embryonic tissue

A

Poorly differentiated/anaplastic

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9
Q

What gives a tumor marker higher specificity?

A

If the tumor marker is absent from all individuals without the malignancy

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10
Q

What gives a tumor marker higher sensitivity?

A

Having clinically significant levels while the disease is still treatable

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11
Q

Antigens that are unique to a tumor or shared by tumors of the same type.

A

Tumor-specific antigens

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12
Q

Antigens that are expressed in normal cells as well as tumor cells.

A

Tumor-associated antigens

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13
Q

Expresses in many tumors but not in most normal tissues

A

Shared TSAs

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14
Q

Expressed on immature cells of a particular lineage

A

Differentiation antigens

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15
Q

Found in higher levels on malignant cells than on normal cells

A

Overexpressed antigens

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16
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) source

A

blood

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17
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) type of cancer detected

A

colorectal cancer (also thyroid, rectum, lung, breast, liver, pancreas, stomach and ovaries)

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18
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) most common use

A

screen and monitor

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19
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) source

A

blood

20
Q

Alpha-fetorprotein (AFP) most common use

A

diagnose and minitor

21
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) type of cancer detected

A

liver, ovarian, and testicular cancer

22
Q

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) source

A

blood, urine, or CSF

23
Q

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) type of cancer detected

A

multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and some lymphomas

24
Q

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) most common use

A

monitor

25
Q

Beta-HCG (or just HCG) type of cancer detected

A

gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), ovarian and testicular cancer

26
Q

Beta-HCG (or just HCG) source

A

blood

27
Q

Beta-HCG (or just HCG) most common use

A

screen and monitor

28
Q

BCR/ABL gene source

A

bone marrow (abnormal gene sequence on chromosome 22) - Philadelphia chromosome made from 9 and 22 translocation mutation

29
Q

BCR/ABL type of cancer detected

A

chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

30
Q

BCR/ABL most common use

A

diagnose and monitor

31
Q

CA 19-9 source

A

blood and other fluids

32
Q

CA 19-9 most common use

A

monitor

33
Q

CA 19-9 type of cancer detected

A

pancreatic, gallbladder, bile duct and gastric cancer

34
Q

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) source

A

blood sample

35
Q

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) most common use

A

screen and monitor

36
Q

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) types of cancer detected

A

prostate cancer

37
Q

Chromogranin A (CgA) source

A

blood

38
Q

Chromogranin A (CgA) most common use

A

diagnose and monitor

39
Q

Chromogranin A (CgA) type of cancer detected

A

neuroendocrine tumors

40
Q

HER2/neu or ERBB2 source

A

blood or tissue

41
Q

HER2/neu or ERBB2 most common use

A

screen and monitor

42
Q

HER2/neu or ERBB2 type of cancer detected

A

breast, gastric, and esophageal cancer

43
Q

CA125 and HE4 (Human epididymis protein) source

A

blood

44
Q

CA125 and HE4 (Human epididymis protein) most common use

A

monitor and diagnose

45
Q

CA125 and HE4 (Human epididymis protein) type of cancer detected

A

ovarian cancer

MLS Immunology (7 decks)

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