Tumor Markers (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the relationship between the immune system and cancer cells.

A

Tumor immunology

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2
Q

Regulatory gene that promotes cell division.

A

Proto-oncogene

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3
Q

Mutated proto-oncogene; can cause uninhibited cell growth

A

Oncogene

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4
Q

Slows down cell division or initiates apoptosis

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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5
Q

Antigen excess can saturate antibodies and the intended “sandwich” configurations cannot form, leading to a false decrease in signal.

A

The Hook Effect

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6
Q

What are the phases of tumor development?

A

Induction phase
In situ phase
Invasion phase

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7
Q

Tumors similar to normal tissue

A

Well-differentiated

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8
Q

Tumors similar to fetal or embryonic tissue

A

Poorly differentiated/anaplastic

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9
Q

What gives a tumor marker higher specificity?

A

If the tumor marker is absent from all individuals without the malignancy

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10
Q

What gives a tumor marker higher sensitivity?

A

Having clinically significant levels while the disease is still treatable

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11
Q

Antigens that are unique to a tumor or shared by tumors of the same type.

A

Tumor-specific antigens

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12
Q

Antigens that are expressed in normal cells as well as tumor cells.

A

Tumor-associated antigens

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13
Q

Expresses in many tumors but not in most normal tissues

A

Shared TSAs

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14
Q

Expressed on immature cells of a particular lineage

A

Differentiation antigens

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15
Q

Found in higher levels on malignant cells than on normal cells

A

Overexpressed antigens

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16
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) source

A

blood

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17
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) type of cancer detected

A

colorectal cancer (also thyroid, rectum, lung, breast, liver, pancreas, stomach and ovaries)

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18
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) most common use

A

screen and monitor

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19
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) source

20
Q

Alpha-fetorprotein (AFP) most common use

A

diagnose and minitor

21
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) type of cancer detected

A

liver, ovarian, and testicular cancer

22
Q

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) source

A

blood, urine, or CSF

23
Q

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) type of cancer detected

A

multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and some lymphomas

24
Q

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) most common use

25
Beta-HCG (or just HCG) type of cancer detected
gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), ovarian and testicular cancer
26
Beta-HCG (or just HCG) source
blood
27
Beta-HCG (or just HCG) most common use
screen and monitor
28
BCR/ABL gene source
bone marrow (abnormal gene sequence on chromosome 22) - Philadelphia chromosome made from 9 and 22 translocation mutation
29
BCR/ABL type of cancer detected
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
30
BCR/ABL most common use
diagnose and monitor
31
CA 19-9 source
blood and other fluids
32
CA 19-9 most common use
monitor
33
CA 19-9 type of cancer detected
pancreatic, gallbladder, bile duct and gastric cancer
34
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) source
blood sample
35
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) most common use
screen and monitor
36
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) types of cancer detected
prostate cancer
37
Chromogranin A (CgA) source
blood
38
Chromogranin A (CgA) most common use
diagnose and monitor
39
Chromogranin A (CgA) type of cancer detected
neuroendocrine tumors
40
HER2/neu or ERBB2 source
blood or tissue
41
HER2/neu or ERBB2 most common use
screen and monitor
42
HER2/neu or ERBB2 type of cancer detected
breast, gastric, and esophageal cancer
43
CA125 and HE4 (Human epididymis protein) source
blood
44
CA125 and HE4 (Human epididymis protein) most common use
monitor and diagnose
45
CA125 and HE4 (Human epididymis protein) type of cancer detected
ovarian cancer