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MLS Immunology > Serology of Viral Infections (Exam 3-5a) > Flashcards

Serology of Viral Infections (Exam 3-5a) Flashcards

1
Q

How does the immune system respond to viral infection?

A

Cell mediated: presentation to cytotoxic and helper Ts by MHC I.

Humoral: Neutralization by Abs, Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement activation

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2
Q

How do viruses evade the immune system?

A

Frequent genetic mutation (antigenic shift), Specific mechanisms (such as interferons and complement), direct suppression of immune system (down-regulation of MHC), or by remaining latent (ex. CMV, VZV, HIV).

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3
Q

What are the common immunological tests to diagnose viral infections?

A

Antibody tests for IgG and IgM

Antigen tests using EIA

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4
Q

What are the common molecular tests to diagnose viral infections?

A

Nucleic Acid Test (NAAT or NAT) and syndrome specific multiplex PCR

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5
Q

What are two forms of testing that are not so commonly used for detection of viruses?

A

Culture and electron microscopy

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6
Q

What does elevated IgG tell you about an adult?

A

They may have a current infection, past infection or immunity

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7
Q

What does elevated IgM tell you about an adult?

A

Current or recent infection

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8
Q

What does elevated IgM tell you about a newborn?

A

Indicates congenital infection

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9
Q

What does elevated IgG tell you about a newborn?

A

Maternal antibodies have crossed the placenta

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10
Q

What sort of test is best to detect active infection, monitor therapy, and is sometimes used a confirmatory test?

A

Molecular tests

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11
Q

What is the standard for care of sterile fluids?

A

PCR

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12
Q

What are some of the other viral causes of Hepatitis?

A

CMV, EBV, HSV, and West Nile

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13
Q

What stage if hepatitis is described below?
Fatigue, fever, myalgia, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and mild pain in the abdomen (RUQ).

A

Early/acute phase

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14
Q

What stage if hepatitis is described below?

Liver enlargement, tenderness, jaundice, dark urine, light or clay-colored feces

A

Progression

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15
Q

What stage if hepatitis is described below?

Liver failure and death

A

Fulminant

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16
Q

What are the main complications of chronic hepatitis?

A

Cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer, and kidney disease

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17
Q

What is considered chronic hepatitis?

A

Persistence of hepatitis virus in the body for 6 months or more

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18
Q

Which two types of hepatitis are known for coinfection?

A

Hep B and Hep D

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19
Q

Which type of hepatitis is not able to replicate without the help of another HV?

A

Hep D

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20
Q

When a person simultaneously acquires two types of hepatitis what is this called?

A

Coinfection

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21
Q

When a chronic HBV carrier acquires HDV this is called what?

A

Superinfection

22
Q

Is someone with a coinfection of HBV and HDV likely to develop a chronic state?

A

No

23
Q

Is someone with a superinfection of HBV and HDV likely to develop a chronic state?

A

Yes

24
Q

Picornaviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?

A

Hep A

25
Q

Hepadnaviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?

A

Hep B

26
Q

Flaviviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?

A

Hep C

27
Q

Deltavirus is responsible for which type of hepatitis?

A

Hep D

28
Q

Hepeviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?

A

Hep E

29
Q

What family of virus causes localized skin infection that disseminates to numerous organs?

A

Herpesviridae

30
Q

Does herpesviridae have a latent phase?

A

Yes

31
Q

What family of viruses can cause cardiac and neurological involvement if left untreated?

A

Herpesviridae

32
Q

What are the clinical syndromes of EBV?

A

Teenagers and adults will show symptoms, but get better within 2-4 weeks; EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancies (Burkitt lymphoma) - usually in immunocompromised

33
Q

How is EBV transmitted?

A

Spread by contact with body fluids, especially saliva.

34
Q

What is a heterophile antibody and what is its diagnostic significance?

A

Antibodies induced by external antigens (heterophile antigens). Some cross-react with self-antigens

35
Q

What do the following lab findings describe?

Absolute lymphocytosis, 20% or more atypical lymphocytes, heterophile antibodies (monospot +)

A

Infectious mononucleosis (IM)

36
Q

IgM produced as a result of polyclonal B-cell activation, capable of reacting with horse RBCs, sheep RBCs, and bovine RBCs

A

Heterophile Ab associated w/ IM

37
Q

Tests the ability of serum absorbed with guinea pig kidney or beef erythrocyte antigens to agglutinate horse RBCs

A

Classic lab test “monospot”

38
Q

Incubate serial dilutions of the patient’s serum w/ sheep RBC’s to determine antibody titer

A

Paul Bunnell test

39
Q

Version of the Paul Bunnell test where the beef RBC antigens are bound to latex particles (aka solid phase EIA)

A

Is the current heterophile antibody test for IM; also called latex agglutination

40
Q

What may bring a false positive in heterophile ab testing for EBV/IM?

A

lymphoma, viral hepatitis, malaria, and autoimmune disorder

41
Q

For whom may false positive positives be the result of heterophile ab testing for EBV/IM?

A

10% of adults, up to 50% in children under 12, and immunocompromised patients

42
Q

Is heterophile or monospot the preferred method by the CDC?

A

No

43
Q

What is VCA?

A

The viral capsid antigens found in EBV

44
Q

What is EA?

A

Early antigen found in EBV

45
Q

What is EBNA

A

EBV nuclear antigen

46
Q

Which EBV Ab declines after peaking, but persists?

A

anti-VCA IgG

47
Q

Which EBV Ab declines to undetectable after the acute phase?

A

anti-EA IgG

48
Q

Which EBV Ab is absent during the acute phase then appears and persists for life?

A

anti-EBNA

49
Q

What are the three routes of transmission for HIV?

A

Sexual, parenteral (blood and other body fluids), and perinatal

50
Q

Can HIV be transmitted via saliva, urine, feces, sputum, sweat, vomit, or tears?

A

No

MLS Immunology (7 decks)

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