Tumor Immunology - Grayson Flashcards
Cells must undergo___ changes to become cancerous
multiple
Necessary characteristics of cancer cells:
A MIRAGE
Avoid death by apoptosis Metastasis Ignore growth inhibiting signals Replicate continuously (no contact inhibiton) Angiogenesis Stimulate their own growth Evade or outrun the immune response
Cancer cells:
avoid ___ by apoptosis. They leave their site of origin to invade other tissues: ____. They
ignore ____ inhibiting signals. They replicate continuously to expand their number. They develop a blood supply: ____. They
stimulate their own ___.
They ___ or outrun the immune response. They do not have contact ___.
Cancer cells:
avoid death by apoptosis. They leave their site of origin to invade other tissues: metastasis. They
ignore growth inhibiting signals. They replicate continuously to expand their number. They develop a blood supply: angiogenesis. They
stimulate their own growth.
They evade or outrun the immune response. They do not have contact inhibition.
Multiple causes of cancer: inherited \_\_\_ spontaneous \_\_ chemical or radiation induce \_\_\_ \_\_\_ induced by ceratin oncogenic viruses.
Multiple causes of cancer:
- inherited mutations
- spontaneous mutations
- chemical or radiation induce mutations
- dysregulation induced by certain oncogenic viruses.
T/F: Both RNA and DNA can cause cancer
True
Some tumors can be immunogenic. What does this mean?
Some tumors can be immunogenic. They can cause an immune response.
You can take some tumors, irradiate them, so they will die. You put them in an animal and the animal’s immune system will make an immune response. You let that animal sit for a couple months, come back and give it the same tumor cell again (live) –> no disease. If you use a different tumor, a different tumor does not protect, so the immunity is antigen specific.
Cancer immunogenicity is the ability of a tumor to induce an __ ___
Cancer immunogenicity is the ability of a tumor to induce an immune response.
Tumor immunity can be antigen ___
specific
How do tumors try to evade, outrun or shut down the immune response?
They don’t display a lot of __ peptide.
They can down-regulate co-__ molecules. They can down-regulate ___ molecules like ICAM and LFA1 (low ___).
They have tumor induced ___ sites. Most important, they display ___, which down-regulates T cells
How do tumors try to evade, outrun or shut down the immune response?
They don’t display a lot of HLA peptide.
They can down-regulate co-stim molecules. They can down-regulate adhesion molecules like ICAM and LFA1 (low immunogenicity).
They have tumor induced privelaged sites. Most important, they display PDL1, which down-regulates T cells
How can we augment anti-tumor responses?
__ and ___ vaccination
Using ___ (monoclonal antibodies) to deplete tumor cells
Turning ___ ___ OFF!
Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination
Using biologics (monoclonal antibodies) to deplete tumor cells
Turning inhibitory circuits OFF
An example of a prophylactic tumor vaccination is ___
HPV-16 vaccine.
HPV-16 vaccine induces high titers of specific antibody that persists long after vaccination.
What is CAR therapy?
You take a patients T cell, reprogram it, and give it a franken-receptor that recognizes tumor antigens (can recognize glycoprotein, carbohydrate, cytokines that the tumor expresses, protein, lipid, etc). So instead of just recognizing peptides, the franken receptor can recognize all sorts of molecules. Since it is still partially a T cell, it can still function as a T cell.
You can augment-tumor responses by turning ___ circuits off in the tumor cell. Explain what this is
Tumor cells express PDL1, which bind to PD1 on the T cell receptor. If you block PDL-1, the cancer cell cannot inhibit the T cell –> tumor regression
Why does DC immunization not elicit a potent response?
Because eventually, PDL1 on the tumor cell will inhibit T cells.
How would neutralizing Tregs help in the regression of the tumor?
Treg may be blocking important immune functions that you may want. You can neutralize them and perhaps would allow your immune system to fight off cancer better.
