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CSP - Exam 4 > Ohl - Parasites > Flashcards

Ohl - Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

How is toxoplasma transmitted?

A

Fecal-orally (ingestion of small amounts of cat feces)Undercooked meats

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2
Q

What is the clinical presentation of taxoplasma?

A

Most often it is asymptomatic. However, in the immunocompromised patient: encephalitis, fever, myositis (muscle inflammation), and myocarditis may present. If it is a congenital infection: chorioretinitis (chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid and creates a thin pigmented vascular coat of the eye), cerebral calcification –> disseminated disease may present.

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3
Q

A patient comes to you with encephalitis, fever, necrotizing enchephalitis, myositis, myocarditis. She says she has 15 cats. What does she have?

A

Most likely a toxoplasma infection. Probably contracted fecal-orally through congestion of cat feces after the cat ate a mouse.

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4
Q

In toxoplasma, the definitive host is the ____. The intermediate host is the ____.

A

In toxoplasma, the definitive host is the cat. The intermediate host is the human.

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5
Q

Trichomonas is transmitted how?

A

sexually

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6
Q

A patient comes to your clinic and complains of burning, pruritis, and dysuria from her vagina. She said that she has had sexual contact with a man who had signs of urethritis. What did she get?

A

Trichmonas vaginalis.

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7
Q

Which six organisms are under the nematodes genus?

A

A STrong NEMe named AKARI TRICkally Entered the NECtarine and cycled around.

  1. Strongioides stercoralis
  2. Ascaris
  3. Trichinella
  4. Enterobius
  5. Necator
  6. Ancyostoma dueodenale (Nec. and Ancy are the hookworms)
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8
Q

Where can you find Necator Americanus?

A

N.S.C. America, C. Africa, Indonesia, S. Pacific and parts of India.
“Africa-American theater club presented the S. Pacific play IN INdia. But they were so bad that the audience through nectarines at them”

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9
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) is found where?

A

Mediterranian, Iran, India, Pakistan, Far East

I ran and cycled Far East to get my Pack of Meds in India.

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10
Q

Who is at risk for contracting ancylostoma and necator americanus? (hookworms)

A

People who are local residents of tropics, occupational (infantry troops), recreational (tourists walking barefoot or with open footwear).

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11
Q

How are the hookworms transmitted?

A

Larvae hatch in soil after eggs pass in canine or feline feces. Larvae then penetrate and migrate into the host’s skin, producing inflammation. Reaction occurs along the cutaneous tract. Pulmonary involvement also occurs.

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12
Q

What does someone with a hookworm infection (necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale) present with? Why would they get anemia?

A

Anemia occurs from parasite sucking blood from intestinal wall. Cutaneous larva migrans causes pruritic rash. This occurs from walking barefoot on a contaminated beach.

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13
Q

A patient comes to your clinic and presents with anemia. They also complain of a pruritic rash. They say that they were walking barefoot on the beach a few days ago. What do they have?

A

Hookworm (ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus). Common in tropics, warm and moist areas.

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14
Q

A patient comes to you with anal pruritus (itchy anus) but do not have anemia. What do they most likely have?

A

Enterobius (pinworm)

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15
Q

A schistosoma is what type of worm?

A

A flat worm (flukes) trematode

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16
Q

What three types of schistosomas are there?

A

Mansoni, Japonisum and Hematobium.

“At the Shishkebab Siesta, they had Japanese Hummus and MANy shishkebabs”

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17
Q

A patient who was just visiting the wetlands of Africa (peace corps), comes to your clinic and presents with an infection in their gut. You see on microscope that there is a granulomatous inflammation in the venous plexus. This inflammation resulted in fibrosis in the venules. The patient also has periportal hypertension and pre-hepatic cirrhosis. Eosinophilia is also seen. What two possible things could they have?

A

Schistosomas Mansoni and Schistosomas Japonicum (liver)

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18
Q

A patient who is a local resident of the African tropics, comes to your clinic with a granulomatous inflammation in the venous plexuses. This inflammation eventually resulted in fibrosis in the venules. The patient also has varices occurring within the bladder. resulting in intermittent hematuria, thickening as well as dysfunction of the bladder wall. You are worried that bladder cancer might be in his future. Also, under the microscope you see eosinophilia. What does he have?

A

Schistosomas hematobium (bladder)

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19
Q

What are the three types of tapeworms (cestodes)?

A

Teaniases Saginata (Beef tapeworm)Teaniases Solium (Pork tapeworm)Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tape worm)

Di (two) saggy souls having Tea, said “cest la vie”

20
Q

A patient from Latin America comes to you with neurocysticercosis. He starts to have brain seizures. What does he have?

A

T. Solium infection. Cysticercal (larvae) tapeworms are responsible for this serious disease. Can cause brain seizure. Little or no eosinophilia.

21
Q

A patient comes to you with a B12 deficiency. Which cestode (tapeworm) does she have?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tape worm)

22
Q

What are the four types of plasmodia? Which was is the most virulent?

A

P. Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale and P. Malariae. P. Falciparum is the most dangerous. Causes microvascular disease. It undergoes cytoadherence to the endothelium of brain, kidneys, heart and other organs. Causes intravascular hemolytic anemia and tissue hypoxia.

23
Q

A patient comes to your clinic with intravascular anemia and tissue hypoxia. They said they were bitten by a mosquito when they were visiting Africa. What do they have?

A

P. Falciparum

24
Q

Which plasmodiums are less dangerous, have a dormant stage (hypnozoite) in the liver, and can presists for years, causing relapses when they invade the blood stream?

A

P. Vivax and P. Ovale

25
Q

Which plasodium is the rarest of them all?

A

P. Malaraiae (FVOM)

26
Q

A patient comes to you after being bitten by a fly in Africa. They appear to be suffering from sleeping sickness, and a lymphadenopathy behind their ear. What do they have?

A

Trypanosoma Brucei.

Big eared Bruce went to Africa and fell asleep.

27
Q

A patient comes to you with Chagas disease. What do they have? How did they get it?

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi. They were bitten by a Reduvid bug.

Ted Cruz took a trip on a red mega-cruise ship for a SHAG convention.

28
Q

What are the two stages of life cycle of the trypanosoma?

A
  1. Promastigote (insect stage in GI). Promastigote enters human blood stream where it is distributed to tropic tissue.
  2. Amastigote (tissue infective stage)
29
Q

A patient was hiking in New England and has symptoms similar to malaria. They state that they have never been to Africa though. What do they have?

A

Babesia Microti. Bitten by the Ixodes tick.`

30
Q

Explain the life cycle of Malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human. The sporozoites infect liver cells, mature into schizonts, rupture and release merozoites. The merozoites go into the blood and infect the RBCs. Once it infects the RBCs, it chews up hemoglobin and further matures into the trophozoite.
The trophozoite matures to form a Schizont, and the cycle repeats. However, every now and then, one of these trophozoites (during maturation phase), will enter the sexual erythrocytic stage to form either a female or male gametocyte. The female and male gametocytes get together in the gut of the mosquito (sporagonic cycle) and create more sporozoites, These sporozoites hang out in the salivary glands of the mosquito and when the mosquito bites another human being, the sporozites are injected .

31
Q

Three ways that P. Falciparum cause disease:

A
  1. Infected RBC express malaria antigen. Malaria antigens interact with receptors on endothelial cells and get stuck on small capillaries, causing tissue hypoxia.
  2. Another way that disease occurs is through hemolytic anemia. All the RBC’s start to rupture, and you end up getting pretty anemic. This also contributes to tissue hypoxia since you are not getting very much oxygen delivery.
  3. Lastly, malaria parasites, particularly the trophozoites, have a big appetite for glucose. If there are enough parasites in the blood, they start to take the glucose you need from your blood, and you become hypoglycemic. The organs that get hit the most is the brain, kidneys and heart, but of course other organs can become infected.
32
Q

Synchronization of malaria stages only occur in people in ___ areas.

A

Endemic. It takes about two weeks to get that synchronized graph

33
Q

Explain the life cycle of Trypanosomiases

A

Two stage life cycle:
1. Promastigote (insect stage in GI tract)
2. Amastigote (tissue infective state).
Promastigote enters human blood stream, gets phagocytosed and sets up shop and spread through lymphatics where it is distributed to tropic tissue.

34
Q

A patient comes to your clinic from a very poor area in Brazil. He says he was bit by a “weird bug.” You notice that his smooth and striated muscles are affected (especially heart and gut) and you also see mega-organ disease. What could he have?

A

T. Cruzi

Ted Cruz took a cruise to Brazil on a Mega-Red Cruise ship for a SHAG convention.

35
Q

What is the main immunity to Trypanosomiasis?

A

Main immunity is humeral. The parasite avoids the immune system by changing its glycoprotein coat through antigenic variation. This occurs through movement of genetic cassettes that code glycoprotein into portion of active genome that is being expressed.

36
Q

Parasitism: a relationship between two organisms, where one organism (the parasite) ____, by utilizing the resources of the other. Why does this relationship occur?
The parasite needs ___,___ and ___.

A

Parasitism: a relationship between two organisms, where one organism (the parasite) benefits by utilizing the resources of the other. Why does this relationship occur? The parasite needs nutrition, locomotion, and assistance in replication.

37
Q

A good parasite does not ____, thus a lot of parasites have learned to live with the host without wreaking havoc. Every now and then though, the parasite DOES cause problems within the host. What is the acronym used for the ways this can happen?

A

A good parasite does not harm the host, thus a lot of parasites have learned to live with the host without causing havoc. Every now and then though, the parasite DOES cause problems within the host. They do so by LILM. (LILMing)

L - Large # of organisms

I. Inflammation. Exuberant tissue host response occurs (inflammation)

L. Loss of ability to contain the organism and the organism takes over

M. Mechanically (the parasite), enters the host’s structures, which cause obstruction and blockage

38
Q

Every now and then, a parasite can cause harm to the host via 4 mechanisms.
LILM: Give examples of each one:

A

L- Large number of organisms:
Mass of Ascaris - worms obtained from the small intestines of an infected person. 1-2 worms are undetectable, but if you get a bunch of repeated exposures, they will interfere/block with function of your GI tract.
Hookworms are another example. 1-2 are fine, but if you get a ton, you start to get leakage from your RBCs and you get iron deficiency and anemia.

I. Inflammation:
Occasionally, you’ll get an exuberant tissue response. So when the hookworm goes through your lungs as part of the life cycle, your immune response sends neutrophils, WBC’s and eosinophils, leading to pneumonia. Cerebral cysticercosis is also caused by T. Solium. Tapeworms can accumulate into your brain and cause blockage of fluid in the brain (seizures).

L-Loss of control. Amebiases is caused by Entamoeba histolytica. If you get an infection of the colon from this, the host does not have the ability to contain the organism or keep it under control. You end up with pretty big problems. Sometimes it can eat its way through your colon and leave you with colonic perforations. Perforation of the colon leads to bacterial contents leaking out.

You can also get muscle cysts of trichinosis. Trichinosis is a disease caused by eating meat that has not been cooked and contains cysts (larvae or immature worms) of Trichinella spiralis. The worms invade muscle tissue, including the heart and diaphragm (the breathing muscle under the lungs). They can also infect the lungs and brain.

M- Mechanical entry of host structures (blockage of a critical ducts). Ascaris worms can climb its way to the common bile duct. When it does, it can obstruct and cause a gall bladder attack. You can also get a cysticercosis cyst that causes hydroencephalus due to blockage of the sylvian duct (third ventricle) by T. solium cysticercosis which causes brain swelling.

39
Q

Parasites are ___. They can be single celled or multicelled

A

Eukaryotics

40
Q

Most parasites exhibit one or more life cycle, which can be simple or complex. Many are ___ aka they are infections that also infect animals.

A

zoonosis

41
Q

____ host: a host in which the parasites reproduce sexually. Examples (give two)

A

Definitive Examples:

  1. Malaria: the mosquito is the definitive host because sexual maturity occurs in the mosquito.
  2. Schistosoma - the human is the definitive host
42
Q

___ host is required for parasite development but the parasite does not reach sexual maturity or reproduce here. Examples?

A

Intermediate host is required for parasite development but the parasite does not reach sexual maturity here.

  1. Malaria: the human is the intermediate host
  2. Schistosoma: the snail is the intermediate host
43
Q

A lot of parasites have specific host specificity. For example, there are different hookworms that live in dogs, cat or humans.
______ ______ in parasites: a lot of parasites like a certain area, whether it is the brain, muscle or gut, specific tissues help it complete it’s life cycle.

A

Tissue tropism

44
Q

The greatest burden of disease in the world is developing countries due to poor sanitation, housing, tropical climate, and local ecology. Every now and then, diseases in the developed world DO arise. Some parasites are endemic and common. An example is ____

A

Protoza

45
Q

Would you see eosinophilia in a T. solium infection?

A

No

46
Q

Schistosomiases is very common in __

A

Africa - Nile river

CSP - Exam 4 (22 decks)

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