tumor immuno

Question 1

phenotypic hallmarks of cancer (6)

Answer 1

1- dysregulation of cell proliferation
2- insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
3- evasion of apoptosis
4- limitless replicative potential
5- angiogenesis
6- invasion and metastasis

Question 2

multistep concept to cancer

Answer 2

initiation
promotion
progression

Question 3

initiation

Answer 3

genetically altered cells

Question 4

promotion

Answer 4

clonal expansion of initiated cells

Question 5

progression

Answer 5

additional genetic and phenotypic changes required for malignancy

Question 6

4 things that happen during progression

Answer 6

angiogenesis

expression of enzymes that destroy the basement membrane

expression of telomerase

evasion of apoptoisis

Question 7

inflammation causes

Answer 7

generation of promutagenic reactive oxygen species

increased cell turnover due to regeneration of parenchymal cells

Question 8

how does hepatitis cause cancer?

Answer 8

RNA virus

nonspecific hypothesis:
inflammation/repair–>ROS generation–>increase in cell divison

specific hypothesis: viral genome-encoded proteins inhibit tumor suppressor gene

Question 9

NKC recognize

Answer 9

cells that aren’t expressing MHCI

Question 10

HTLV

Answer 10

RNA virus

T-cell leukemia

Question 11

EBV

Answer 11

DNA
b cell lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
NP carcinoma

Question 12

HPV

Answer 12

cervical carcinoma

Question 13

HBV

Answer 13

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 14

2 examples of oncofetal antigens

Answer 14

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)–> surface glycoprotein of GI and breast tumors

AFP–>glycoprotein of hepatomas

Question 15

tumor self protection mechanisms

Answer 15

passive- immune evasion
–antigen loss
active-immune suppresion
–recruitment of treg cells
–production of anti inflamm mediators IL10 and TGFB
–recruitment of myeloid derived repressor cells