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Path3 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal mass of tissue, growth exceeds what is normal

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2
Q

benign

A

neoplasm that grows locally without invasion or metastasis

  • -usually highly differentiated
  • -usually less dangerous thatn malignant neoplasms, but may hve clinical problems
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3
Q

malignant

A

denotes a neoplasm that can invade and/or metastasize

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4
Q

metastatsis

A

growth of cancer cells at asecond separate state

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5
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin

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6
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

carcinoma in glandular tissue

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7
Q

carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

lesion that is histologically malignant but not yet invaded

  • -severe dysplasia in cells
  • -precancerous/premalignant
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8
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm in mesenchymal cell origin (CT, bone, fat, muscle)

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9
Q

differentiation

A

extent to which cell resembles comparable normal cells, both morpholocailly and functionally

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10
Q

anaplasia

A

failure of cells to differentiate to normal adult phenotypes

–characteristic of malignant transformation

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11
Q

hamartoma

A

mass of cells which are normally present in particular organ, but are abnormal in arrangement

usually one cell predominates

NOT a neoplasm

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12
Q

pleomorphism

A

variation in cellular appearance, size, and shape WITHIN a tumor

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13
Q

atypia

A

morphologically different from normal cell

-nuceli larger, darker, and have more irregular nuclear contours

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14
Q

acinar

A

glandular, but denoting a secretory unit rather than duct

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15
Q

papillary

A

forming finger-like growths witha central stalk and an epithelial surface

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16
Q

polyp

A

mass protruding from a surface

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17
Q

dysplasia

A

some degree of loss of normal differentiation of cells and tissues

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18
Q

teratoma

A

benign neoplasm with components representing all three germ layers

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19
Q

stroma

A

vascular ct supprting parenchyma of an organ, or supporting the proliferating cells of a neoplasm

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20
Q

desmoplastic stroma

A

strma dominated by dense fibrous tissues

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21
Q

parenchyma

A

in purely epithelial neoplasm, parenchyma is the neoplastic epithelial component

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22
Q

fibroma, fibrosarcoma

A

neoplasms of fibroblasts

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23
Q

lipoma,liposarcoma

A

neo of fat cells

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24
Q

leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma

A

neo of smooth muscle cells

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25
Q

rhabadomyosarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of striated muscle cells

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26
Q

different non neoplastic tumors

A

metaplasia
hyperplasia
ypertrophy
hamartoma

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27
Q

names of benign tumors

A

ademoma
squamous papilloma
osteoma
leiomyoma

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28
Q

most metastases through

A

invaision through basement membrane and gain access to either a lymphatic or blood vessel and are therefore transferred to new location

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29
Q

dysplasia

A

int step between normal and carcinoma

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30
Q

dysplasia of cervix

A

low grade can revert to normalor go to high grade which can go to anaplasia–sccale

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31
Q

cyst

A

empty space in center but enclosed

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32
Q

polypoid

A

mushroom like–peduncculated vs sessile

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33
Q

teratoma

A

mutiple lines of differentiation on a single neopasm

typically in ovary or teste

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34
Q

harartoma

A

tumor (malformation) but not neoplasm

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35
Q

different types precursor lesions

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
high grade intraepithelial lesion
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
pancreatic intraepithelial neopasia

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36
Q

tumor grade

A

the degree of differentiation of a malignant neoplasm

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37
Q

tumor stage

A

classification of the extent of involvement by a malignant neoplasm

*more predictive of patient outcome than grade

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38
Q

TNM staging

A

T: size of primary tuor
N: involvement of lymph nodes
M: location/extent of metastases

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39
Q

neoplasms break through

A

barriers

  • genetic changes
  • epigenetic changes
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40
Q

clonal

A

all derived from one original cell

  • neoplasms are almost always clonal
  • -more than one mutation!
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41
Q

three most common neoplasms in men

A

prostate
lung
colon

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42
Q

three most common neoplasms in women

A

breast
lung
colon

43
Q

sentinel lymph node

A

first drain of cancer, therefore useful for staging

44
Q

seven histological features of malignant neoplasms

A 
pleomorphism
high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
hyperchromasia
nuclear contour irregularities
clumped chromatin
abnormal mitoses
loss of polarity
necrosis
45
Q

things that arent neoplasm

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia

46
Q

hamartoma

A

not a neoplasm
–normal element for site, abnormally arrangement

xray shows popcorn kernel

47
Q

tumors at surgery

A

benign tumors “shell out”, while cancers stick to their surroundings

48
Q

ex of benign but deadly benign tumor

A

meningeoma

–growing and growing and reappearing so deadly even at stage 1

49
Q

carcinoma compromise what percentage of cancer

A

80%

–epithelial cancer–>develop in all three germ layers

50
Q

endoderm carcinoma

A

colonic adenocarcinoma

51
Q

mesoderm carcinoma

A

renal cell carcinoma

52
Q

ectoderm carcinoma

A

squamous cell carcinoma

53
Q

sarcoma

A

mesenchyma (connective tssue) cancer

54
Q

dysplasia only pertains to

A

epithelial (not CT) tissue

55
Q

dysplasia is a

A

premalignant change

may evolve to carcinoma, but also may be reversible if stimulus is removed

56
Q

pleomorphism

A

variation in size and shape

57
Q

hyperchromasia

A

increased density of nuclear chromatin

58
Q

chromatin distribution

A

clumped, condensed along nuclear membrane

59
Q

nuclear : cytoplasm ratio

A

closer the cell gets to 1, the more undifferentiated the cell is:
1: nucleus is taking up entire cell
decrase in diff= inc in prolif

60
Q

degrees of differentiation

A

low: well-differentiated (mimics normal tissue)
high: poorly differentiated: little resemblance to normal

61
Q

growth rate is determined by

A

degree to which cell production (replication) exeeds cell loss (apoptosis)

62
Q

30 doublings

A

109 cells

63
Q

10 more doublings than 30

A

1012 cells

64
Q

factors affecting freq of tumors

A

random
hereditary
environment

65
Q

most chemical carcinogens are

A

mutagens

66
Q

ames test

A

utilizes bacteria that have lost the capacity to synthesize histidine, can only grow on normal media if reverts back to being his+

67
Q

precarcinogens

A

not mutagenic in ames test until metabolized to active form by liver homogenate (contains cytocrome p450), but then they are just considered carcinogens

68
Q

types of DNA damage

A

1) alkylation
2) depurination/depyrmidination
3) bulky DNA adducts that can interefere with base pairing
4) double strand breaks

69
Q

alkylation

A

causes mismatching in base pairing

ex) vinyl chloride- rare angiocarcinoma in liver

70
Q

indirect acting carcinogens (vs direct)

A

require metabolic activation to become mutagenic–> metab to electrophic species that can react with cellular dna

71
Q

properties of transformed cells

A
  • rounded shape
  • proliferate independently (immortalization)
  • loss of contact inhibiton
  • anchorage independent
  • reduced req growth factors
  • increased intracellular transport of glucse
  • make tumrs
72
Q

RSV

A

even when present in cell, only transformed when temperature at right place

73
Q

RSV genes

A

gag, pol, env needed for replication, but src needed for transformation–>oncogene

74
Q

c-src

A

precursor to v-src (protooncogene)

needs to be activated

75
Q

radiation causes

A

DNA damage, chromosomal breakage, and cytogenic abnormalities

76
Q

stochasitic events

A

accidents! during DNA replication

mechanisms:
oxidative damage
external agents (chemicals, virus, radiation)
77
Q

examples of defective dna repair in carcinogenesis

A

xeroderma pigmentosum
hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
blooms syndrome

78
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum

A

rare human hereditary disease characterized by a predisposition to develop skin cancer following exposure to sunlight

cells deficient in nucleotdice excision repair and therefore exhivit decreased survial and inreased mutation folowing DNA damage

79
Q

hnpcc

A

defect in DNA mismatch repair linked to MLH1,MSH2, and related genes

80
Q

bloom’s syndrome

A

rare human recessive hereditary disease characterized by a chromosomal instability with a predisposition to develop leukemia, lymphoma, and carcinoma

81
Q

multistep tumor progression

A

succession of clonal expansions each of which is triggered by the chance acquisition of an enabling mutant phenotype

82
Q

azaserine induced lesions of rat pancreas

A

1-2 months of hyperplasia/dysplasia
~>1 year–premalignant neoplasm
after 1 year- carcinoma

83
Q

two enabling characteristics crucial for carcinogenesis

A

genome instability

tumor-promoting inflammation

84
Q

genome instability

A

destabilization of gene copy number and nucleotide sequence

caused by

  • increased sensitivity to mutagenic agents
  • breakdown of caretaker genes, which control various components of DNA-maintenance machinary
85
Q

what do caretaker genes take care of

A

detection of DNA damage
repar of damaged DNA
inactivation of mutagenic molecules
telomere maintenance

86
Q

tumor promoting inflammation leads to release of

A

growth factors
survival factors
proangiogenic factors
reactive oxygen species (mutagenic)

87
Q

hallmarks of cancer

A
  • sustaining proliferative sigaling
  • evading growth suppressors (inact tumor suppressors)
  • activating invaision and metsastes
  • enabling replication immortality
  • inducing angiogenesiss (VEGF)
  • resisting cell death (downreg p53)
  • deregulating cellular energetics
88
Q

steps in carcinogenesis

A

initiation (genetic mutation)
promotion (nogenetic mechanisms)–epigenetic events that favor tumor dev
progression (multiple genetic events to confer a malignant phenotype)

89
Q

initation is

A

mutagenic, therefore irreversible

90
Q

promotion is

A

nonmutangeic, therefore reversible

91
Q

modifiers of carcinogenesis

A

enzyme induction

genetic polymorphisms

diet
-antioxidants, vitamin a, caloric intake

cell cycle- labile more vulnerable, dividing more vulnerable

92
Q

cigarette smoking

A

carcinoma of lung and larynx

93
Q

sun exposure

A

squamous carcinoma

melanoma

94
Q

smoked and marinated foods rich in nitrosamines

A

adenocarcinoma of stomach

95
Q

alcohol (esp with smoking)

A

squamous carcinoma of oral cavity and esophagus

96
Q

aflatoxin B

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

97
Q

asbetos

A

mesothelioma, carcinoma of lung

98
Q

benzene

A

acute leukemia

99
Q

B-naphthylamine, aniline dyes

A

carcinoma of bladder

100
Q

nickel, chromium, uranium

A

carcinoma of lung

101
Q

polyvinyl chloride

A

hepatic angiosarcoma

102
Q

thorotrast

A

hepatic angiosarcoma

103
Q

alkylating chemotherapeutic agents

A

acute leukemia

Path3 (11 decks)

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