Cancer Flashcards
1
Q
neoplasm
A
abnormal mass of tissue, growth exceeds what is normal
2
Q
benign
A
neoplasm that grows locally without invasion or metastasis
- -usually highly differentiated
- -usually less dangerous thatn malignant neoplasms, but may hve clinical problems
3
Q
malignant
A
denotes a neoplasm that can invade and/or metastasize
4
Q
metastatsis
A
growth of cancer cells at asecond separate state
5
Q
carcinoma
A
malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin
6
Q
adenocarcinoma
A
carcinoma in glandular tissue
7
Q
carcinoma in situ (CIS)
A
lesion that is histologically malignant but not yet invaded
- -severe dysplasia in cells
- -precancerous/premalignant
8
Q
sarcoma
A
malignant neoplasm in mesenchymal cell origin (CT, bone, fat, muscle)
9
Q
differentiation
A
extent to which cell resembles comparable normal cells, both morpholocailly and functionally
10
Q
anaplasia
A
failure of cells to differentiate to normal adult phenotypes
–characteristic of malignant transformation
11
Q
hamartoma
A
mass of cells which are normally present in particular organ, but are abnormal in arrangement
usually one cell predominates
NOT a neoplasm
12
Q
pleomorphism
A
variation in cellular appearance, size, and shape WITHIN a tumor
13
Q
atypia
A
morphologically different from normal cell
-nuceli larger, darker, and have more irregular nuclear contours
14
Q
acinar
A
glandular, but denoting a secretory unit rather than duct
15
Q
papillary
A
forming finger-like growths witha central stalk and an epithelial surface
16
Q
polyp
A
mass protruding from a surface
17
Q
dysplasia
A
some degree of loss of normal differentiation of cells and tissues
18
Q
teratoma
A
benign neoplasm with components representing all three germ layers
19
Q
stroma
A
vascular ct supprting parenchyma of an organ, or supporting the proliferating cells of a neoplasm
20
Q
desmoplastic stroma
A
strma dominated by dense fibrous tissues
21
Q
parenchyma
A
in purely epithelial neoplasm, parenchyma is the neoplastic epithelial component
22
Q
fibroma, fibrosarcoma
A
neoplasms of fibroblasts
23
Q
lipoma,liposarcoma
A
neo of fat cells
24
Q
leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma
A
neo of smooth muscle cells
25
rhabadomyosarcoma
malignant neoplasm of striated muscle cells
26
different non neoplastic tumors
metaplasia
hyperplasia
ypertrophy
hamartoma
27
names of benign tumors
ademoma
squamous papilloma
osteoma
leiomyoma
28
most metastases through
invaision through basement membrane and gain access to either a lymphatic or blood vessel and are therefore transferred to new location
29
dysplasia
int step between normal and carcinoma
30
dysplasia of cervix
low grade can revert to normalor go to high grade which can go to anaplasia--sccale
31
cyst
empty space in center but enclosed
32
polypoid
mushroom like--peduncculated vs sessile
33
teratoma
mutiple lines of differentiation on a single neopasm
typically in ovary or teste
34
harartoma
tumor (malformation) but not neoplasm
35
different types precursor lesions
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
high grade intraepithelial lesion
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
pancreatic intraepithelial neopasia
36
tumor grade
the degree of differentiation of a malignant neoplasm
37
tumor stage
classification of the extent of involvement by a malignant neoplasm
*more predictive of patient outcome than grade
38
TNM staging
T: size of primary tuor
N: involvement of lymph nodes
M: location/extent of metastases
39
neoplasms break through
barriers
- genetic changes
- epigenetic changes
40
clonal
all derived from one original cell
* neoplasms are almost always clonal
- -more than one mutation!
41
three most common neoplasms in men
prostate
lung
colon
42
three most common neoplasms in women
breast
lung
colon
43
sentinel lymph node
first drain of cancer, therefore useful for staging
44
seven histological features of malignant neoplasms
```
pleomorphism
high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
hyperchromasia
nuclear contour irregularities
clumped chromatin
abnormal mitoses
loss of polarity
necrosis
```
45
things that arent neoplasm
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
46
hamartoma
not a neoplasm
--normal element for site, abnormally arrangement
xray shows popcorn kernel
47
tumors at surgery
benign tumors "shell out", while cancers stick to their surroundings
48
ex of benign but deadly benign tumor
meningeoma
| --growing and growing and reappearing so deadly even at stage 1
49
carcinoma compromise what percentage of cancer
80%
| --epithelial cancer-->develop in all three germ layers
50
endoderm carcinoma
colonic adenocarcinoma
51
mesoderm carcinoma
renal cell carcinoma
52
ectoderm carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
53
sarcoma
mesenchyma (connective tssue) cancer
54
dysplasia only pertains to
epithelial (not CT) tissue
55
dysplasia is a
premalignant change
| may evolve to carcinoma, but also may be reversible if stimulus is removed
56
pleomorphism
variation in size and shape
57
hyperchromasia
increased density of nuclear chromatin
58
chromatin distribution
clumped, condensed along nuclear membrane
59
nuclear : cytoplasm ratio
closer the cell gets to 1, the more undifferentiated the cell is:
1: nucleus is taking up entire cell
decrase in diff= inc in prolif
60
degrees of differentiation
low: well-differentiated (mimics normal tissue)
high: poorly differentiated: little resemblance to normal
61
growth rate is determined by
degree to which cell production (replication) exeeds cell loss (apoptosis)
62
30 doublings
109 cells
63
10 more doublings than 30
1012 cells
64
factors affecting freq of tumors
random
hereditary
environment
65
most chemical carcinogens are
mutagens
66
ames test
utilizes bacteria that have lost the capacity to synthesize histidine, can only grow on normal media if reverts back to being his+
67
precarcinogens
not mutagenic in ames test until metabolized to active form by liver homogenate (contains cytocrome p450), but then they are just considered carcinogens
68
types of DNA damage
1) alkylation
2) depurination/depyrmidination
3) bulky DNA adducts that can interefere with base pairing
4) double strand breaks
69
alkylation
causes mismatching in base pairing
| ex) vinyl chloride- rare angiocarcinoma in liver
70
indirect acting carcinogens (vs direct)
require metabolic activation to become mutagenic--> metab to electrophic species that can react with cellular dna
71
properties of transformed cells
- rounded shape
- proliferate independently (immortalization)
- loss of contact inhibiton
- anchorage independent
- reduced req growth factors
- increased intracellular transport of glucse
- make tumrs
72
RSV
even when present in cell, only transformed when temperature at right place
73
RSV genes
gag, pol, env needed for replication, but src needed for transformation-->oncogene
74
c-src
precursor to v-src (protooncogene)
| needs to be activated
75
radiation causes
DNA damage, chromosomal breakage, and cytogenic abnormalities
76
stochasitic events
accidents! during DNA replication
```
mechanisms:
oxidative damage
external agents (chemicals, virus, radiation)
```
77
examples of defective dna repair in carcinogenesis
xeroderma pigmentosum
hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
blooms syndrome
78
xeroderma pigmentosum
rare human hereditary disease characterized by a predisposition to develop skin cancer following exposure to sunlight
cells deficient in nucleotdice excision repair and therefore exhivit decreased survial and inreased mutation folowing DNA damage
79
hnpcc
defect in DNA mismatch repair linked to MLH1,MSH2, and related genes
80
bloom's syndrome
rare human recessive hereditary disease characterized by a chromosomal instability with a predisposition to develop leukemia, lymphoma, and carcinoma
81
multistep tumor progression
succession of clonal expansions each of which is triggered by the chance acquisition of an enabling mutant phenotype
82
azaserine induced lesions of rat pancreas
1-2 months of hyperplasia/dysplasia
~>1 year--premalignant neoplasm
after 1 year- carcinoma
83
two enabling characteristics crucial for carcinogenesis
genome instability
| tumor-promoting inflammation
84
genome instability
destabilization of gene copy number and nucleotide sequence
caused by
- increased sensitivity to mutagenic agents
- breakdown of caretaker genes, which control various components of DNA-maintenance machinary
85
what do caretaker genes take care of
detection of DNA damage
repar of damaged DNA
inactivation of mutagenic molecules
telomere maintenance
86
tumor promoting inflammation leads to release of
growth factors
survival factors
proangiogenic factors
reactive oxygen species (mutagenic)
87
hallmarks of cancer
- sustaining proliferative sigaling
- evading growth suppressors (inact tumor suppressors)
- activating invaision and metsastes
- enabling replication immortality
- inducing angiogenesiss (VEGF)
- resisting cell death (downreg p53)
- deregulating cellular energetics
88
steps in carcinogenesis
initiation (genetic mutation)
promotion (nogenetic mechanisms)--epigenetic events that favor tumor dev
progression (multiple genetic events to confer a malignant phenotype)
89
initation is
mutagenic, therefore irreversible
90
promotion is
nonmutangeic, therefore reversible
91
modifiers of carcinogenesis
enzyme induction
genetic polymorphisms
diet
-antioxidants, vitamin a, caloric intake
cell cycle- labile more vulnerable, dividing more vulnerable
92
cigarette smoking
carcinoma of lung and larynx
93
sun exposure
squamous carcinoma
| melanoma
94
smoked and marinated foods rich in nitrosamines
adenocarcinoma of stomach
95
alcohol (esp with smoking)
squamous carcinoma of oral cavity and esophagus
96
aflatoxin B
hepatocellular carcinoma
97
asbetos
mesothelioma, carcinoma of lung
98
benzene
acute leukemia
99
B-naphthylamine, aniline dyes
carcinoma of bladder
100
nickel, chromium, uranium
carcinoma of lung
101
polyvinyl chloride
hepatic angiosarcoma
102
thorotrast
hepatic angiosarcoma
103
alkylating chemotherapeutic agents
acute leukemia
