Environmental Path Flashcards
DALY
years of life lost to premature mortality added to years lived with illness and disability
70% of child deaths are attributed to these 5 things
pneumonia diarrheal diseases malaria measles perinatal/neonatal problems
*all preventable
most solvents are
lipophilic–can penetrate plasma membranes
2 phases of detox
phase 1- metabolism to a more/less toxic intermediary
–primary metabolite
phase 2- binding of one of the products to a macromolecule
–>secondary metabolite
phase 1 rxns
hydrolysis
reduction
oxidation
phase 2 rxns
glucuronidation
sulfation
methylation conjugation
primary or secondary metabolite can be
eliminated in urine, bile, or feces
6 pollutants tracked by National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Particualtes Carbon Monoxide Lead Ozone
sulfur dioxide produced from
burning coal and oil, copper smelting, or paper mills
acute Co poisioning characteristic
cherry red skin color
20-30%–>hypoxia
60-70% saturdation–>unconsciousness and death
good ozone
interaction of UV radiation and oxygen in stratosphere
bad ozone
nitrogen oxides + volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight
ozone toxicity mediated by
production of free radicals
sick building sndrome
multiple pollutants due to poor ventilation
radon
radioactive gas from decay of uranium, in soil, lung carcinogen
bioaerosols
legionella can colonize duct systems
dusts from insects
three major risks of smoking
increase cancer risk
increase atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
increase prengnacy/birth problems
2 phases of smoking
gas phase particulate phase (tar)
both have carcinogens
tar
total particulate phase without water or nicotine
switching to low tar
probably negligible effects on carcinogenesis
pathogenic effects of smoking
direct irritant effect on tracehobroncial mucosa (inflam & mucous)
leukocytes to lung increased elastase production–>emphysema
electrophilic interediates that can cause mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressors