Environmental Path

Question 1

DALY

Answer 1

years of life lost to premature mortality added to years lived with illness and disability

Question 2

70% of child deaths are attributed to these 5 things

Answer 2

pneumonia
diarrheal diseases
malaria
measles
perinatal/neonatal problems

*all preventable

Question 3

most solvents are

Answer 3

lipophilic–can penetrate plasma membranes

Question 4

2 phases of detox

Answer 4

phase 1- metabolism to a more/less toxic intermediary
–primary metabolite

phase 2- binding of one of the products to a macromolecule
–>secondary metabolite

Question 5

phase 1 rxns

Answer 5

hydrolysis
reduction
oxidation

Question 6

phase 2 rxns

Answer 6

glucuronidation
sulfation
methylation conjugation

Question 7

primary or secondary metabolite can be

Answer 7

eliminated in urine, bile, or feces

Question 8

6 pollutants tracked by National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Answer 8

Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Particualtes
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Ozone

Question 9

sulfur dioxide produced from

Answer 9

burning coal and oil, copper smelting, or paper mills

Question 10

acute Co poisioning characteristic

Answer 10

cherry red skin color
20-30%–>hypoxia
60-70% saturdation–>unconsciousness and death

Question 11

good ozone

Answer 11

interaction of UV radiation and oxygen in stratosphere

Question 12

bad ozone

Answer 12

nitrogen oxides + volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight

Question 13

ozone toxicity mediated by

Answer 13

production of free radicals

Question 14

sick building sndrome

Answer 14

multiple pollutants due to poor ventilation

Question 15

radon

Answer 15

radioactive gas from decay of uranium, in soil, lung carcinogen

Question 16

bioaerosols

Answer 16

legionella can colonize duct systems

dusts from insects

Question 17

three major risks of smoking

Answer 17

increase cancer risk
increase atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
increase prengnacy/birth problems

Question 18

2 phases of smoking

Answer 18

gas phase
particulate phase (tar)

both have carcinogens

Question 19

tar

Answer 19

total particulate phase without water or nicotine

Question 20

switching to low tar

Answer 20

probably negligible effects on carcinogenesis

Question 21

pathogenic effects of smoking

Answer 21

direct irritant effect on tracehobroncial mucosa (inflam & mucous)

leukocytes to lung increased elastase production–>emphysema

electrophilic interediates that can cause mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressors

Question 22

lead exposure via

Answer 22

contaiminated air, food,water

flaking paint, batteries

Question 23

maximal allowed limit lead

Answer 23

10 microgram/dl

Question 24

children vs adults lead

Answer 24

children absorb more readily in gut

Question 25

subclinical lead poisioning

Answer 25

low intellectual capacity behavioral problems jyperactivity

Question 26

target organs of lead poisioning

Answer 26

blood and bone marrow nervous system GI kidneys

Question 27

problems with lead in bone and blood

Answer 27

microcytic hypochromic anemia ring sideroblasts in marrow basiphilic stripping incorporated into bone and teeth

Question 28

lead can permeate the

Answer 28

BBB

Question 29

what does lead damage in kidneys

Answer 29

proximal tubular damage renal failure gout

Question 30

where does mercury come from

Answer 30

contaminated fish, dental amalgam work

Question 31

how does hg work

Answer 31

absorbed in G i tract, developing brain sensitive--> can cause paralysis and death if passes to placenta--fetal brain damage, mental retardation, death

Question 32

Minimata disease

Answer 32

from detal exposure to Hg cerebral palsy deafness blindness mental retardation

Question 33

mad hatters disease

Answer 33

chronic hg exposure was common in hatters who used hg solution during process of curing animal pelts

Question 34

arsenic is found

Answer 34

water and soil, herbal medicines most toxic form-trivalent form- replace phosphates in atp

Question 35

acute toxicity arsenic vs chronic

Answer 35

acute- gi and cns, fatal | chronic- cancer of lung and skin (basal and squamous cell carcinomas)

Question 36

cadmium

Answer 36

nickel-cad batters | food

Question 37

toxic effects cad

Answer 37

obstructive lung disease renal damage- skeletal abnormalities with loss of ca increase risk of cancer

Question 38

polycyclic hydrocarbons (tar soot)

Answer 38

lung and bladder cancers

Question 39

organic solvents

Answer 39

chloroform, ccl4, benzene dizziness, confusion, cns depression, coma, leukemia

Question 40

organochlorines

Answer 40

synthetic lipophilic compounds that resist degradation | --ddt, lindane, pcb, dioxin, pbde

Question 41

dioxine and pcb

Answer 41

skin chloracne, follicultis, hyperpig abnormalities of liver cns

Question 42

vinyl chloride

Answer 42

angiosarcoma

Question 43

pthalates

Answer 43

endocrne disruption

Question 44

elimination of alcohol

Answer 44

90% to acetaldehyde and rest unchanged in urine, breathe, sweat

Question 45

three enzyme systems alochol

Answer 45

alcohol dehydrogenase microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (excess levels) catalase (minor)

Question 46

legal def of driving under influence

Answer 46

80 mg/dl

Question 47

acute effects of alcohol

Answer 47

fatty changes gastritis, ulcertaion cns depression-->resp arrest

Question 48

chronic effects of alch

Answer 48

fatty liver ( decrease Nadused for fa oxidation and lactate-->pyruvate conversion) acute alcoholic hepatitis liver cirrhosis fetal alcohol syndrome liver cancer malnutrition dilated cardiomyopathy elevated HDL cancers of esophagus, oral cavity

Question 49

why malnutrition

Answer 49

decrease intake of thiamine: wernike-korsakoff syndrome

Question 50

Wernicke encephalopathy

Answer 50

menta confusion, occulomotor disturbance, ataxaias can progress to KP

Question 51

acute alcoholic hepatitis is mostly

Answer 51

reversible

Question 52

cirrhosis

Answer 52

irreversible

Question 53

fatty change of liver

Answer 53

reversible