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Path3 > Environmental Path > Flashcards

Environmental Path Flashcards

1
Q

DALY

A

years of life lost to premature mortality added to years lived with illness and disability

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2
Q

70% of child deaths are attributed to these 5 things

A 
pneumonia
diarrheal diseases
malaria
measles
perinatal/neonatal problems

*all preventable

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3
Q

most solvents are

A

lipophilic–can penetrate plasma membranes

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4
Q

2 phases of detox

A

phase 1- metabolism to a more/less toxic intermediary
–primary metabolite

phase 2- binding of one of the products to a macromolecule
–>secondary metabolite

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5
Q

phase 1 rxns

A

hydrolysis
reduction
oxidation

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6
Q

phase 2 rxns

A

glucuronidation
sulfation
methylation conjugation

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7
Q

primary or secondary metabolite can be

A

eliminated in urine, bile, or feces

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8
Q

6 pollutants tracked by National Ambient Air Quality Standards

A 
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Particualtes
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Ozone
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9
Q

sulfur dioxide produced from

A

burning coal and oil, copper smelting, or paper mills

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10
Q

acute Co poisioning characteristic

A

cherry red skin color
20-30%–>hypoxia
60-70% saturdation–>unconsciousness and death

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11
Q

good ozone

A

interaction of UV radiation and oxygen in stratosphere

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12
Q

bad ozone

A

nitrogen oxides + volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight

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13
Q

ozone toxicity mediated by

A

production of free radicals

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14
Q

sick building sndrome

A

multiple pollutants due to poor ventilation

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15
Q

radon

A

radioactive gas from decay of uranium, in soil, lung carcinogen

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16
Q

bioaerosols

A

legionella can colonize duct systems

dusts from insects

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17
Q

three major risks of smoking

A

increase cancer risk
increase atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
increase prengnacy/birth problems

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18
Q

2 phases of smoking

A 
gas phase
particulate phase (tar)

both have carcinogens

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19
Q

tar

A

total particulate phase without water or nicotine

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20
Q

switching to low tar

A

probably negligible effects on carcinogenesis

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21
Q

pathogenic effects of smoking

A

direct irritant effect on tracehobroncial mucosa (inflam & mucous)

leukocytes to lung increased elastase production–>emphysema

electrophilic interediates that can cause mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressors

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22
Q

lead exposure via

A

contaiminated air, food,water

flaking paint, batteries

23
Q

maximal allowed limit lead

A

10 microgram/dl

24
Q

children vs adults lead

A

children absorb more readily in gut

25
Q

subclinical lead poisioning

A

low intellectual capacity
behavioral problems
jyperactivity

26
Q

target organs of lead poisioning

A

blood and bone marrow
nervous system
GI
kidneys

27
Q

problems with lead in bone and blood

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia
ring sideroblasts in marrow
basiphilic stripping
incorporated into bone and teeth

28
Q

lead can permeate the

A

BBB

29
Q

what does lead damage in kidneys

A

proximal tubular damage
renal failure
gout

30
Q

where does mercury come from

A

contaminated fish, dental amalgam work

31
Q

how does hg work

A

absorbed in G i tract, developing brain sensitive–> can cause paralysis and death

if passes to placenta–fetal brain damage, mental retardation, death

32
Q

Minimata disease

A

from detal exposure to Hg

cerebral palsy
deafness
blindness
mental retardation

33
Q

mad hatters disease

A

chronic hg exposure was common in hatters who used hg solution during process of curing animal pelts

34
Q

arsenic is found

A

water and soil, herbal medicines

most toxic form-trivalent form- replace phosphates in atp

35
Q

acute toxicity arsenic vs chronic

A

acute- gi and cns, fatal

chronic- cancer of lung and skin (basal and squamous cell carcinomas)

36
Q

cadmium

A

nickel-cad batters

food

37
Q

toxic effects cad

A

obstructive lung disease
renal damage- skeletal abnormalities with loss of ca
increase risk of cancer

38
Q

polycyclic hydrocarbons (tar soot)

A

lung and bladder cancers

39
Q

organic solvents

A

chloroform, ccl4, benzene

dizziness, confusion, cns depression, coma, leukemia

40
Q

organochlorines

A

synthetic lipophilic compounds that resist degradation

–ddt, lindane, pcb, dioxin, pbde

41
Q

dioxine and pcb

A

skin chloracne, follicultis, hyperpig

abnormalities of liver

cns

42
Q

vinyl chloride

A

angiosarcoma

43
Q

pthalates

A

endocrne disruption

44
Q

elimination of alcohol

A

90% to acetaldehyde and rest unchanged in urine, breathe, sweat

45
Q

three enzyme systems alochol

A

alcohol dehydrogenase
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (excess levels)
catalase (minor)

46
Q

legal def of driving under influence

A

80 mg/dl

47
Q

acute effects of alcohol

A

fatty changes
gastritis, ulcertaion
cns depression–>resp arrest

48
Q

chronic effects of alch

A

fatty liver ( decrease Nadused for fa oxidation and lactate–>pyruvate conversion)

acute alcoholic hepatitis

liver cirrhosis

fetal alcohol syndrome

liver cancer

malnutrition

dilated cardiomyopathy

elevated HDL

cancers of esophagus, oral cavity

49
Q

why malnutrition

A

decrease intake of thiamine: wernike-korsakoff syndrome

50
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy

A

menta confusion, occulomotor disturbance, ataxaias

can progress to KP

51
Q

acute alcoholic hepatitis is mostly

A

reversible

52
Q

cirrhosis

A

irreversible

53
Q

fatty change of liver

A

reversible

Path3 (11 decks)

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