Tumor Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the characteristics of cancer cells?
A
Anaplasia, Anchorage Independent, Immortality, Pleomorphic, Autonomy
2
Q
Anaplasia, anchorage independent, immortality, pleomorphic, autonomy are characteristics of what?
A
Cancer Cells
3
Q
What is anaplasia?
A
Lack of differentiation,
Fundamental changes in cell DNA,
Cell doesn’t look specific; just looks different than normal cells
4
Q
What is anchorage independence?
A
Cells become mobile bc loss of anchorage proteins
5
Q
What happens when cells lose anchorage proteins?
A
They become mobile
6
Q
T or F:Immortality means cells live forever.
A
False. It means cells can divide forever
7
Q
How many times do normal cells divide?
A
10-20 times
8
Q
What is pleomorphic?
A
Variable size and shape of cell
9
Q
What is autonomy?
A
Growth and proliferation (division) without control
10
Q
What are the factors in cancer development?
A
Genes, Inflammation, Viruses, Environmental Factors, Medical Treatments,
11
Q
Genes, inflammation, viruses, environmental factors, and medical treatments are all what?
A
Factors in Cancer Development
12
Q
What kind of genes cause cancer?
A
Oncogenes
13
Q
What are oncogenes?
A
Genes that cause cancer
14
Q
What genes suppress tumors?
A
p53
15
Q
What does p53 do?
A
Stops DNA replication,
Initiates apoptosis if a cells DNA can not be repaired
16
Q
What happens if p53 is mutated?
A
Loses function to stop DNA replication
17
Q
What is p53?
A
Tumor Suppressor Gene
18
Q
What affects oncogenes?
A
Inborn mutations,
Environmental mutations
19
Q
How does inflammation cause cancer?
A
Neutrophils and macrophages release free radicals,
mast cells release growth factors; both mutate DNA
20
Q
What are viruses that cause cancer called?
A
Oncogenic Viruses
21
Q
What are oncogenic viruses?
A
Viruses that cause cancer
22
Q
What are some examples of oncogenic viruses?
A
HPV,
HBV,
HCV,
FeLV
23
Q
What does HPV stand for?
A
Human Papillomavirus
24
Q
What does HBV stand for?
A
Hepatitis B. Virus
25
What does HCV stand for?
Hepatitis C. Virus
26
What doe FeLV Stand for?
Feline Leukemia Virus
27
What are examples of environmental factors that cause cancer?
```
Tobacco,
Dietary Factors,
Obesity,
Alcohol,
Radiation and UV Light
```
28
HPV, HBV, HCV, FeLV are examples of what?
Oncogenic Viruses
29
T of F:Tobacco only causes lung cancer.
False. Can cause it anywhere
30
What cancers does tobacco cause?
Respiratory Cancers,
Oral;Esophageal Cancers,
Urinary Bladder Cancers
31
What dietary factors cause cancer?
Animal Fat,
Charred foods,
Salt,
Carcinogens
32
What is the most potent carcinogen?
Aflatoxin
33
What organism produces Aflatoxin?
Aspergillus flavus
34
Why do charred foods cause cancer?
Free Radicals
35
What foods have animal fats?
Meat,
| Dairy products
36
Why do animal fats cause cancer?
Lipids store lipid soluble chemicals (toxins, hormones, etc)
37
What kinds of cancer does obesity cause?
Endometrial Cancers,
Colorectal Cancers,
Kidney Cancer,
Breast Cancers,
38
Why does obesity cause cancer?
Adipose tissue synthesizes and releases estrogen freely, and estrogen has growth factors
39
Where is aflatoxin found?
Cheese,
Grains,
Nuts
40
Why does alcohol cause cancer?
Acts as a solvent for carcinogens,
Directly damages cells,
Causes inflammation
41
T or F:Alcohol commonly causes upper respiratory cancers and digestive cancers.
True
42
T or F:Radiation and UV light cause cancer bc of free radicals.
True
43
What are the types of skin cancer?
Melanoma (acute exposure),
| Squamous cell;basal carcinoma melanomas (chronic exposure)
44
T or F:Medical treatments cause 5 percent of cancer deaths annually.
False. 1 percent annually
45
What medical treatments cause cancer?
Radiation and Chemotherapy,
Estrogen Replacement Therapy,
Fertility Drugs
46
Why does radiation and chemotherapy cause cancer?
Free Radicals
47
Why does estrogen replacement therapy cause cancer?
Growth Factors
48
Why do fertility drugs cause cancer?
Growth Factors
49
What are the processes involved in invasion and metastasis?
```
Cellular Multiplication,
Mechanical Invasion,
Protease Activity,
Decreased Cell Adhesion,
Increased motility
```
50
What is cellular multiplication?
Mitosis
51
What is mechanical invasion?
Cancer cells pushing other cells out of the way
52
What is it called when cancer cells push other cells out of the way?
Mechanical Invasion
53
What processes involving invasion and metastasis do all tumors have?
Cellular Multiplication,
| Mechanical Invasion
54
What processes involving invasion and metastasis do maligant tumors have?
Protease Activity,
Decreased Cell Adhesion,
Increased Motility
55
What is increased cell motility?
Change in cytoskeleton
56
What is decreased cell adhesion?
Loss of anchoring proteins
57
What is an example protease activity?
Collagenase degrades collagen
58
What is invasion and metastasis?
When cancer grows into contiguous (conjoining) tissues
59
What does contiguous mean?
conjoining
60
What are the patterns of metastasis?
Via vessels,
| Via serosal seeding
61
What is an example of metastasis via vessels?
Breast cancer to lymph nodes
62
What ways can cancer metastasize via vessels?
Via lymphatic system,
| Via blood system
63
How does cancer metastasize in the lymphatic system?
Absorption of lipids,
Uses interstitial fluid,
Allow cancer cells to move to distant sites
64
T or F:Cancer usually metastasizes in arteries and arterioles.
False. Usually in veins and venules bc they are thinner walled
65
What way allows cancer cells to metastasize to distant sites?
Via vessels
66
What covers all organs in cavities?
Serosa
67
T or F:The serosa covers all organs in cavities.
True
68
How does cancer use the serosal seeding to metastasize?
Cancer moves from one organ through the serosal layer; then it seeds or implants onto the serosal layer of another organ and grows into the organ
69
T or F:Serosal seeding does NOT require invasion
False
70
What is an example of cancer metastasis via serosal seeding?
Ovarian cancer to the colon
71
What are some common sites of distant metastasis?
Sites determined by patterns of blood/lymph,
| Sites determined by organ tropism
72
What are some examples of distant metastasis from blood or lymph flow?
Stomach, colan, and small intestine cancers to the liver,
| melanoma to the lungs (blood)
73
T or F:The portal system collects blood from digestion and sends it to the liver.
True
74
What is the pathway from a melanoma to the lungs?
Skin to the right side of the heart to the lungs
75
What is chemical attraction between a cancer cell and some other tissue called?
Organ Tropism
76
What is metastasis by organ tropism?
When a cancer cell receptor binds to a protein or chemical in a target tissue
77
What is an example of distant metastasis determined by organ tropism?
Prostate cancer to bone cancers,
| Breast cancers to liver cancers
78
What clinical manifestations cause pain?
```
Direct pressure,
Ostrution,
Invasion of sensitive structures,
Stretching of visceral surfaces
Tissue destruction,
Infection,
Inflammation
```
79
What clinical manifestations do direct pressure, ostrution, invasion of sensitive structures, stretching of visceral surfaces, tissue destruction, infection, inflammation cause?
Pain
80
What clinical manifestations cause fatigue?
Most common
Cancer,
Cancer Treatments
```
Sleeping disturbances,
Various biochemical changes,
numerous psychological factors,
Level of activity,
Nutritional status,
Other environmental/physical factors
```
81
What are some common blood disorders?
Anemia,
Leukopenia,
Thrombocytopenia,
Cachexia Syndrome
82
Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and cachexia syndrome are what?
Common blood disorders
83
What are the mechanisms of anemia?
Chronic bleeding,
Severe malnutrition,
Cytotoxic chemotherapy,
Iron deficiency
84
What causes leukopenia?
Chemotherapeutic Drugs
85
What do chemotherapeutic drugs cause?
Leukopenia
86
What is the major cause of hemorrhage in people with cancer?
Thrombocytopenia
87
Who typically has thrombocytopenia?
Individuals with acute promyelocytic leukemia and severe infections
88
What is thrombocytopenia?
A disorder of disseminated intravascular coagulation
89
What are symptoms of cachexia syndrome?
```
Anorexia,
Early satiety (filling),
Weight loss,
Anemia,
Asthenia (weakness),
Taste alterations,
Altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
```
90
Anorexia, early satiety (filling), weight loss, anemia, asthenia (weakness), taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism are all symptoms of what?
Cachexia Syndrome
91
What are some cancer treatments?
Chemotherapy,
Radiation,
Surgery,
Immunotherapy
92
Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and immunotherapy are what?
Cancer Treatments
93
What does chemotherapy do?
Inhibits mitosis,
Mutates DNA so p53 can initiate apoptosis,
Blocks growth factors
94
What cancer treatment inhibits mitosis, mutates DNA, and blocks growth factors?
Chemotherapy
95
What does radiation do?
Inhibits mitosis,
| Mutates DNA through free radicals
96
What are the two types of radiation therapy?
Internal,
| External
97
How does internal radiation work?
Pellets are inserted inside tissue site and emit radiation
98
What is a disadvantage of chemotherapy?
Targets normal tissue cells as well
99
What is the disadvantage of radiation?
Targets normal tissue cells as well
100
What are the risks of surgery?
Infection,
| Takes a lot of extrea tissue
101
What is the advantage in immunotherapy?
ONLY targets cancer cells
102
How does immunotherapy work?
Boosts immune response to fight cancer cells
103
What is one type of immunotherapy?
Interleukin Therapy (IL)
104
What type of cancer treatment is interleukin therapy?
Immunotherapy
105
What are some common symptoms of chemotherapy?
Hair loss,
| Nausea
