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Pathophysiology > Tumor Biology > Flashcards

Tumor Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of cancer cells?

A 
Anaplasia,
Anchorage Independent,
Immortality,
Pleomorphic,
Autonomy
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2
Q

Anaplasia, anchorage independent, immortality, pleomorphic, autonomy are characteristics of what?

A

Cancer Cells

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3
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of differentiation,
Fundamental changes in cell DNA,
Cell doesn’t look specific; just looks different than normal cells

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4
Q

What is anchorage independence?

A

Cells become mobile bc loss of anchorage proteins

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5
Q

What happens when cells lose anchorage proteins?

A

They become mobile

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6
Q

T or F:Immortality means cells live forever.

A

False. It means cells can divide forever

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7
Q

How many times do normal cells divide?

A

10-20 times

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8
Q

What is pleomorphic?

A

Variable size and shape of cell

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9
Q

What is autonomy?

A

Growth and proliferation (division) without control

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10
Q

What are the factors in cancer development?

A 
Genes,
Inflammation,
Viruses,
Environmental Factors,
Medical Treatments,
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11
Q

Genes, inflammation, viruses, environmental factors, and medical treatments are all what?

A

Factors in Cancer Development

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12
Q

What kind of genes cause cancer?

A

Oncogenes

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13
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes that cause cancer

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14
Q

What genes suppress tumors?

A

p53

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15
Q

What does p53 do?

A

Stops DNA replication,

Initiates apoptosis if a cells DNA can not be repaired

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16
Q

What happens if p53 is mutated?

A

Loses function to stop DNA replication

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17
Q

What is p53?

A

Tumor Suppressor Gene

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18
Q

What affects oncogenes?

A

Inborn mutations,

Environmental mutations

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19
Q

How does inflammation cause cancer?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages release free radicals,

mast cells release growth factors; both mutate DNA

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20
Q

What are viruses that cause cancer called?

A

Oncogenic Viruses

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21
Q

What are oncogenic viruses?

A

Viruses that cause cancer

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22
Q

What are some examples of oncogenic viruses?

A

HPV,
HBV,
HCV,
FeLV

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23
Q

What does HPV stand for?

A

Human Papillomavirus

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24
Q

What does HBV stand for?

A

Hepatitis B. Virus

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25
Q

What does HCV stand for?

A

Hepatitis C. Virus

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26
Q

What doe FeLV Stand for?

A

Feline Leukemia Virus

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27
Q

What are examples of environmental factors that cause cancer?

A 
Tobacco,
Dietary Factors,
Obesity,
Alcohol,
Radiation and UV Light
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28
Q

HPV, HBV, HCV, FeLV are examples of what?

A

Oncogenic Viruses

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29
Q

T of F:Tobacco only causes lung cancer.

A

False. Can cause it anywhere

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30
Q

What cancers does tobacco cause?

A

Respiratory Cancers,
Oral;Esophageal Cancers,
Urinary Bladder Cancers

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31
Q

What dietary factors cause cancer?

A

Animal Fat,
Charred foods,
Salt,
Carcinogens

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32
Q

What is the most potent carcinogen?

A

Aflatoxin

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33
Q

What organism produces Aflatoxin?

A

Aspergillus flavus

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34
Q

Why do charred foods cause cancer?

A

Free Radicals

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35
Q

What foods have animal fats?

A

Meat,

Dairy products

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36
Q

Why do animal fats cause cancer?

A

Lipids store lipid soluble chemicals (toxins, hormones, etc)

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37
Q

What kinds of cancer does obesity cause?

A

Endometrial Cancers,
Colorectal Cancers,
Kidney Cancer,
Breast Cancers,

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38
Q

Why does obesity cause cancer?

A

Adipose tissue synthesizes and releases estrogen freely, and estrogen has growth factors

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39
Q

Where is aflatoxin found?

A

Cheese,
Grains,
Nuts

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40
Q

Why does alcohol cause cancer?

A

Acts as a solvent for carcinogens,
Directly damages cells,
Causes inflammation

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41
Q

T or F:Alcohol commonly causes upper respiratory cancers and digestive cancers.

A

True

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42
Q

T or F:Radiation and UV light cause cancer bc of free radicals.

A

True

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43
Q

What are the types of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma (acute exposure),

Squamous cell;basal carcinoma melanomas (chronic exposure)

44
Q

T or F:Medical treatments cause 5 percent of cancer deaths annually.

A

False. 1 percent annually

45
Q

What medical treatments cause cancer?

A

Radiation and Chemotherapy,
Estrogen Replacement Therapy,
Fertility Drugs

46
Q

Why does radiation and chemotherapy cause cancer?

A

Free Radicals

47
Q

Why does estrogen replacement therapy cause cancer?

A

Growth Factors

48
Q

Why do fertility drugs cause cancer?

A

Growth Factors

49
Q

What are the processes involved in invasion and metastasis?

A 
Cellular Multiplication,
Mechanical Invasion,
Protease Activity,
Decreased Cell Adhesion, 
Increased motility
50
Q

What is cellular multiplication?

51
Q

What is mechanical invasion?

A

Cancer cells pushing other cells out of the way

52
Q

What is it called when cancer cells push other cells out of the way?

A

Mechanical Invasion

53
Q

What processes involving invasion and metastasis do all tumors have?

A

Cellular Multiplication,

Mechanical Invasion

54
Q

What processes involving invasion and metastasis do maligant tumors have?

A

Protease Activity,
Decreased Cell Adhesion,
Increased Motility

55
Q

What is increased cell motility?

A

Change in cytoskeleton

56
Q

What is decreased cell adhesion?

A

Loss of anchoring proteins

57
Q

What is an example protease activity?

A

Collagenase degrades collagen

58
Q

What is invasion and metastasis?

A

When cancer grows into contiguous (conjoining) tissues

59
Q

What does contiguous mean?

A

conjoining

60
Q

What are the patterns of metastasis?

A

Via vessels,

Via serosal seeding

61
Q

What is an example of metastasis via vessels?

A

Breast cancer to lymph nodes

62
Q

What ways can cancer metastasize via vessels?

A

Via lymphatic system,

Via blood system

63
Q

How does cancer metastasize in the lymphatic system?

A

Absorption of lipids,
Uses interstitial fluid,
Allow cancer cells to move to distant sites

64
Q

T or F:Cancer usually metastasizes in arteries and arterioles.

A

False. Usually in veins and venules bc they are thinner walled

65
Q

What way allows cancer cells to metastasize to distant sites?

A

Via vessels

66
Q

What covers all organs in cavities?

67
Q

T or F:The serosa covers all organs in cavities.

68
Q

How does cancer use the serosal seeding to metastasize?

A

Cancer moves from one organ through the serosal layer; then it seeds or implants onto the serosal layer of another organ and grows into the organ

69
Q

T or F:Serosal seeding does NOT require invasion

70
Q

What is an example of cancer metastasis via serosal seeding?

A

Ovarian cancer to the colon

71
Q

What are some common sites of distant metastasis?

A

Sites determined by patterns of blood/lymph,

Sites determined by organ tropism

72
Q

What are some examples of distant metastasis from blood or lymph flow?

A

Stomach, colan, and small intestine cancers to the liver,

melanoma to the lungs (blood)

73
Q

T or F:The portal system collects blood from digestion and sends it to the liver.

74
Q

What is the pathway from a melanoma to the lungs?

A

Skin to the right side of the heart to the lungs

75
Q

What is chemical attraction between a cancer cell and some other tissue called?

A

Organ Tropism

76
Q

What is metastasis by organ tropism?

A

When a cancer cell receptor binds to a protein or chemical in a target tissue

77
Q

What is an example of distant metastasis determined by organ tropism?

A

Prostate cancer to bone cancers,

Breast cancers to liver cancers

78
Q

What clinical manifestations cause pain?

A 
Direct pressure,
Ostrution,
Invasion of sensitive structures,
Stretching of visceral surfaces
Tissue destruction,
Infection,
Inflammation
79
Q

What clinical manifestations do direct pressure, ostrution, invasion of sensitive structures, stretching of visceral surfaces, tissue destruction, infection, inflammation cause?

80
Q

What clinical manifestations cause fatigue?

A

Most common
Cancer,
Cancer Treatments

Sleeping disturbances,
Various biochemical changes,
numerous psychological factors,
Level of activity,
Nutritional status,
Other environmental/physical factors
81
Q

What are some common blood disorders?

A

Anemia,
Leukopenia,
Thrombocytopenia,
Cachexia Syndrome

82
Q

Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and cachexia syndrome are what?

A

Common blood disorders

83
Q

What are the mechanisms of anemia?

A

Chronic bleeding,
Severe malnutrition,
Cytotoxic chemotherapy,
Iron deficiency

84
Q

What causes leukopenia?

A

Chemotherapeutic Drugs

85
Q

What do chemotherapeutic drugs cause?

A

Leukopenia

86
Q

What is the major cause of hemorrhage in people with cancer?

A

Thrombocytopenia

87
Q

Who typically has thrombocytopenia?

A

Individuals with acute promyelocytic leukemia and severe infections

88
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A disorder of disseminated intravascular coagulation

89
Q

What are symptoms of cachexia syndrome?

A 
Anorexia,
Early satiety (filling),
Weight loss,
Anemia,
Asthenia (weakness),
Taste alterations,
Altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
90
Q

Anorexia, early satiety (filling), weight loss, anemia, asthenia (weakness), taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism are all symptoms of what?

A

Cachexia Syndrome

91
Q

What are some cancer treatments?

A

Chemotherapy,
Radiation,
Surgery,
Immunotherapy

92
Q

Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and immunotherapy are what?

A

Cancer Treatments

93
Q

What does chemotherapy do?

A

Inhibits mitosis,
Mutates DNA so p53 can initiate apoptosis,
Blocks growth factors

94
Q

What cancer treatment inhibits mitosis, mutates DNA, and blocks growth factors?

A

Chemotherapy

95
Q

What does radiation do?

A

Inhibits mitosis,

Mutates DNA through free radicals

96
Q

What are the two types of radiation therapy?

A

Internal,

External

97
Q

How does internal radiation work?

A

Pellets are inserted inside tissue site and emit radiation

98
Q

What is a disadvantage of chemotherapy?

A

Targets normal tissue cells as well

99
Q

What is the disadvantage of radiation?

A

Targets normal tissue cells as well

100
Q

What are the risks of surgery?

A

Infection,

Takes a lot of extrea tissue

101
Q

What is the advantage in immunotherapy?

A

ONLY targets cancer cells

102
Q

How does immunotherapy work?

A

Boosts immune response to fight cancer cells

103
Q

What is one type of immunotherapy?

A

Interleukin Therapy (IL)

104
Q

What type of cancer treatment is interleukin therapy?

A

Immunotherapy

105
Q

What are some common symptoms of chemotherapy?

A

Hair loss,

Nausea

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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