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Pathophysiology > Review of Inflammation > Flashcards

Review of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two human defense mechanisms?

A

Innate Immunity,

Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity that is present at birth

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3
Q

What is an example of innate immunity?

A

Skin,

Inflammation

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Immunity that is acquired after birth

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5
Q

What is an example of active adaptive immunity?

A

Vaccines,

Exposure/Infection

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6
Q

What is an example of passive adaptive immunity?

A

Breast Milk,

Immunoglobulin Injection

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7
Q

What are the first lines of defense?

A

Physical Barriers,
Mechanical Barriers,
Biochemical Barriers

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8
Q

What kind of tissue is a physical barrier?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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9
Q

Why is epithelial tissue an important barrier?

A

Its stratified,
It sloughs,
Has tight junctions

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10
Q

Why is sloughing of epithelial tissue important?

A

Sheds pathogens,

Sheds damaged cells

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11
Q

What are some examples of mechanical barriers?

A 
Movement of cilia,
Vomiting,
Sneezing, 
Coughing,
Urinating,
Defecating
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12
Q

What are some examples of biochemical barriers?

A 
Tears,
Saliva,
Mucosa,
Sweat,
HCl,
Antimicrobial substances
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13
Q

What are some examples of antimicrobial substances?

A

Vaginal lactoacillus prevents Candida albicons

GI flora prevents Clostridium difficile

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14
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Inflammation,
Vascular Responses,
Plasma Protein Systems

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15
Q

How is inflammation activated?

A

Tissue Damage

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16
Q

T or F: Inflammation is a non-specific response.

A

True

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17
Q

What are six manifestations?

A 
Heat,
Redness,
Edema,
Pain,
Pus,
Clotting
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18
Q

What are the three vascular responses?

A
  1. Vasodialation (redness/heat)
  2. Increased capillary membrane permeability (edema)
  3. Increased leukocyte adhesion and migration into interstitium (pus)
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19
Q

What are the three advantages of vasodialation?

A
  1. Increased leukocyte delivery
  2. Increased nutrient delivery (Oxygen, Glucose, Amino Acids)
  3. Removal of waste and cellular debris
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20
Q

How are plasma protein systems activated?

A

Tissue damage or presence,

Presence of bacteria

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21
Q

What are the three plasma protein systems?

A

Complement System,
Clotting System,
Kinin System

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22
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A

Opsonizes target cells for phagocytosis,
Formation of MAC,
Chemotaxis of leukocytes,
Mast cell degranulation

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23
Q

What is opsonization?

A

To tag and identify for a neutrophil

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24
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

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25
Q

What are the three advantages of vasodialation?

A
  1. Increased leukocyte delivery
  2. Increased nutrient delivery (Oxygen, Glucose, Amino Acids)
  3. Removal of waste and cellular debris
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26
Q

How are plasma protein systems activated?

A

Tissue damage or presence,

Presence of bacteria

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27
Q

What are the three plasma protein systems?

A

Complement System,
Clotting System,
Kinin System

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28
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A

Opsonizes target cells for phagocytosis,
Formation of MAC,
Chemotaxis of leukocytes,
Mast cell degranulation

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29
Q

What is opsonization?

A

To tag and identify for a neutrophil

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30
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the clotting system?

A

Homeostasis,
Trap bacteria,
Form framework for new tissue growth

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32
Q

T or F:All bacteria can be trapped in a clot.

A

False. Hemolytic bacteria break through

33
Q

What does bradykinin cause?

A

Vasodialation,
Increase in capillary membrane permeability,
Stimulates pain receptors

34
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Basophils in tissue spaces

35
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Dermis,
Respiratory epithelium,
GI mucosa,
(Places where allergic reactions happen)

36
Q

What is degranulation?

A

Release of chemicals from vesicles via exocytosis into interstitium

37
Q

What are the four triggers for degranulation?

A
  1. Tissue damage leading to release of complement
  2. Presence of bacteria
  3. Immune reaction (AB, AG)
  4. Chemicals (toxins)
38
Q

What do these trigger?

  1. Tissue damage leading to release of complement
  2. Presence of bacteria
  3. Immune reaction (AB, AG)
  4. Chemicals (toxins)
A

Degranulation

39
Q

What is the release of chemicals from vesicles via exocytosis into interstitium called?

A

Degranulation

40
Q

What are basophils in tissue spaces called?

A

Mast Cells

41
Q

What systems purpose is to maintain homeostasis, trap bacteria, and form framework for new tissue growth?

A

Clotting System

42
Q

What chemical mediators have an immediate response?

A 
Histamine,
Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor,
Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor,
Interleukin 4,
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
43
Q

What chemical mediators have a delayed response (8-10 hours)?

A 
Leukotrienes,
Prostaglandins, 
Interleukins,
TNF,
Growth Factors
44
Q

What does histamine do?

A 
Increase capillary membrane permeability (edema)
Causes vasodialation (redness/heat)
45
Q

What does neutrophil chemotactic factor do?

A

Attracts neutrophils to the area

46
Q

What does eosinophil chemotactic factor do?

A

Attracts neutrophils to the area

47
Q

What does Interleukin 4 do?

A

Stimulates AB production

48
Q

What cells make ABs

A

Plasma Cells

49
Q

What does AB stand for?

50
Q

What does AG stand for?

51
Q

What are heat, redness, edema, pain, pus, clotting?

A

Manifestations

52
Q

What is vomiting, sneezing, coughing, uringating, and defecating examples of?

A

Mechanical Barriers

53
Q

What is saliva, tears, mucosa, sweat, and HCl examples of?

A

Biochemical Barriers

54
Q

What does Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) do?

A

Increases capillary membrane permeability (edema),

Increases leukocyte emigration (pus)

55
Q

What does leukotriene do?

A 
Causes vasodialation (redness/heat),
Increases vessel permeability (edema)
56
Q

What does prostaglandin do?

A

Stimulates pain receptors,
Causes vasodialation (redness/heat),
Increases capillary membrane permeability (edema)

57
Q

What chemical blocks prostaglandins?

58
Q

What chemical mediator does aspirin block?

A

Prostaglandins

59
Q

What does interleukin do?

A

Increases AB production by plasma cells,

Helps in Active Adaptive Immunity

60
Q

What does TNF do as a delayed reaction?

A

Increase AB production by plasma cells,

Helps in Active Adaptive Immunity

61
Q

What does growth factor do?

A

Promotes growth of endothelial tissue,

Promotes growth of scar tissue

62
Q

What are the three primary functions of neutrophils?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Release cytotoxic Chemicals (free radicals)
  3. Release macrophage chemotactic factor
63
Q

What releases macrophage chemotactic factor?

A

Neutrophils

64
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Monocytes in tissue spaces

65
Q

T or F:Monocytes in tissue spaces are called macrophages.

66
Q

T or F:Macrophages have a long lifespan, but can NOT divide on site.

A

False. They have a long lifespan and CAN divide on site

67
Q

What are the primary functions of macrophages?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Release cytotoxic chemicals (free radicals)
  3. Present AGs to cells of Adaptive Immune System
68
Q

What is the first way to stimulate adaptive immunity?

A

Interleukin

69
Q

What is the second way to stimulate adaptive immunity?

A

Macrophages

70
Q

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

A

Provide protection against parasites,

Regulate role of vascular mediators released by mast cells

71
Q

What cells provide protection against parasites?

A

eosinophils

72
Q

What is the primary function of NK (null) cells?`

A 
First line of defense against:
Foreign Cells,
Transplanted Cells, 
Cancer Cells,
Virally Infected Cells
73
Q

What is another name for NK Cells?

A

Null Cells

74
Q

Why are NK cells termed “null cells”?

A

Lymphocytes that are neither B or T cells

75
Q

What causes pain?

A

Bradykinin,

Prostaglandins

76
Q

What causes heat?

A

Bradykinin,
Histamine,
Leukotrienes,
Prostaglandins,

77
Q

What causes redness?

A

Bradykinin,
Histamine,
Leukotrienes,
Prostaglandins

78
Q

What causes edema?

A 
Bradykinin,
Histamine,
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF),
Leukotrienes,
Prostaglandins
79
Q

What causes pus?

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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