Altered Cell and Tissue Biology Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a constant environment
Where is homeostasis regulated?
Hypothalamus
What interrupts homeostasis?
Disease
What are the characteristics of cellular adaptations?
Always reversible,
Always in response to a stimulus
What are the five cell adaptations?
Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Metaplasia
Atrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia, and hypertrophy are what?
Cell Adaptations
What are the characteristics of atrophy?
Decrease in cell size,
Decrease in # of mitochondria,
Decrease in # of ribosomes,
What happens if there is a decrease in # of mitochondria?
ATP production decreases
What happens if there is a decrease in # of ribosomes?
Loss of protein synthesis
What are some examples of atrophy?
Loss of skeletal muscle bc of decreased workload,
Loss of brain matter bc of lack of blood supply,
Uterus, ovaries, vaginal mucosa bc lack of hormones
What are characteristics of hypertrophy?
Increased cell size,
Increase in # of mitochondria,
Increase in # of ribosomes
What are some examples of hypertrophy?
Skeletal muscle bc increase in workload,
Cardiac muscle bc of aortic stenosis,
mammary glands bc of hormone stimulation
Increased cell size, increase in # of cells, increase in # of ribosomes are characteristics of what?
Hypertrophy
Decrease in cell size, decrease in # of mitochondria, decrease in # of ribosomes are characteristics of what?
Atrophy
What happens if there is an increase in # of ribosomes?
Increase in protein synthesis
What happens if there is an increase in # of mitochondria?
Increase in ATP production
What is a characteristic of hyperplasia?
Increase in cell #
What are characteristics of dysplasia?
Change in size, shape, and organization of cells in tissue
What is a characteristic of metaplasia?
Change from one cell type to another (usually from simple columnar to stratified squamous)
What is the difference between dysplasia and metaplasia?
Dysplasia -Mitotic Activity -Nucleus is bigger and deformed Metaplasia -Nucleus is normal
How are dysplasia and metaplasia similar?
reversible and a response to a stimulus
found in respiratory epithelium,
found in cervical epithelium
What is an example of dysplasia?
HPV
What can dysplasia be found?
Respiratory epithelium,
Cervical epithelium
Where can metaplasia be found?
Respiratory epithelium,
Cervical epithelium
What is pathologic hyperplasia?
Abnormal increase in cell #
What is physiological hyperplasia?
Replacement; Regeneration of tissue
Where can a high rate of hyperplasia be found?
Epidermis,
Liver,
RBC’s
GI mucosa
Where can a very low rate of hyperplasia be found?
Nervous tissue,
Skeletal muscle,
Cardiac muscle
Increase in cell # is a characteristic of what?
Hyperplasia
Change in cell size, shape, and organization is a characteristic of what?
Dysplasia
Change from one cell type to another is a characteristic of what?
Metaplasia
What is hypoxic injury?
Decreased oxygen to tissues
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
ATP,
Carbon Dioxide,
Water
What are the products of anaerobic respiration?
ATP,
Lactic Acid
What happens to pH when lactic acid accumulates?
pH decreases
What happens when pH changes?
Proteins are denatured
What happens to the binding site on proteins when pH changes?
The binding site changes conformation, which does NOT allow the substrate to bind to the enzyme, making it inactive
What happens to sodium when sodium/potassium pumps fail?
Sodium accumulates inside the cell
What happens to potassium when sodium/potassium pumps fail?
Potassium accumulates outside the cell
Why does sodium accumulate inside the cell when sodium/potassium pumps fail?
- Sodium is not being pumped out of the cell
2. Sodium continues to leak into the cell
Why does potassium accumulate outside the cell when sodium/potassium pumps fail?
- Potassium is not being pumped into the cell
2. Potassium continues to leak out of the cell
Why do sodium/potassium pumps fail?
Lack of ATP
