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Pathophysiology > Alterations of Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function > Flashcards

Alterations of Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

Increased formed elements

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2
Q

What disorder has an increase in formed elements in blood?

A

Primary Polycythemia

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3
Q

What are the consequences of primary polycythemia?

A

Increased blood viscosity,
Increased thrombocytes,
Splenomegaly,
Hepatomegaly

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4
Q

Increased blood viscosity, increased thrombocytes, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly are consequences of what?

A

Primary Polycythemia

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5
Q

What does an increase in blood viscosity cause?

A

Increased risk of formation of thrombus

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6
Q

What does an increase in thrombocytes cause?

A

Increased risk of formation of thrombus

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7
Q

What causes an increase in risk of thrombus formation?

A

Increase in blood viscosity,

Increase in thrombocytes

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8
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the spleen

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9
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the liver

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10
Q

What is enlargement of the spleen called?

A

Splenomegaly

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11
Q

What is enlargement of the liver called?

A

Hepatomegaly

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12
Q

T or F:Primary polycythemia is a common disease.

A

False

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13
Q

What is the treatment for primary polycythemia?

A

Phlebotomy:having blood removed

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14
Q

Having blood removed is a treatment for what?

A

Primary Polycythemia

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15
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Increase in EPO secretion

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16
Q

What does EPO stand for?

A

Erythropoietin

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17
Q

What disorder is an increase in EPO secretion?

A

Secondary Polycythemia

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18
Q

T or F:Secondary polycythemia causes an increase in platelets and leukocytes.

A

False. ONLY an increase in RBCs

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19
Q

What does RBC stand for?

A

Red Blood Corpuscles

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20
Q

What causes secondary polycythemia?

A

Tissue hypoxia,

Autonomous EPO production

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21
Q

What disorder does tissue hypoxia and autonomous EPO production cause?

A

Secondary Polycythemia

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22
Q

What is a general cause of tissue hypoxia?

A

Pulmonary Diseases,
High Altitude,
Heart Disease

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23
Q

What causes tissue hypoxia specific to the kidney?

A

Renal Artery Stenosis

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24
Q

What does renal artery stenosis cause?

A

Secondary Polycythemia: specifically due to tissue hypoxia in the kidney

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25
Q

What does pulmonary diseases, high altitude, and heart disease cause?

A

Secondary Polycythemia: due to general tissue hypoxia

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26
Q

What cause renal artery stenosis?

A

Cysts on the kidney (Polycystic Kidney Disease),

Tumors

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27
Q

What does Polycystic Kidney Disease and tumors cause?

A

Secondary Polycythemia: specifically due to renal artery stenosis in the kidney causing tissue hypoxia

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28
Q

Why does renal artery stenosis cause tissue hypoxia in the kidney?

A

Pushes on the kidney and impedes blood flow to tissue so parts of the kidney become hypoxic

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29
Q

What is an example of autonomous EPO secretion?

A

Ectopic Hormone

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30
Q

What does ectopic mean?

A

out of place

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31
Q

What is one thing that secretes ectopic hormones?

A

Cancer Cells

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32
Q

What kind of cancer cells secrete ectopic hormones?

A

Ovarian,

Liver

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33
Q

T of F:High levels of hematocrit in a woman with no other symptoms could signal for a need to look for cancer.

A

True

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34
Q

What clinical manifestations are associated with secondary polycythemia?

A 
Red/ruddy appearance,
Retinal blood vessel engorgement,
Splenomegaly,
Hepatomegaly,
Thrombus formation
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35
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Blood Clot

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36
Q

What is another name for a blood clot?

A

Thrombus

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37
Q

Red/ruddy appearance, retinal blood vessel engorgement, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and thrombus formation are clinical manifestations of what?

A

Secondary Polycythemia

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38
Q

What are the classifications of erythrocytic anemia?

A

Size,

Amount of Hemoglobin

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39
Q

What are the subclassifications of erythrocytic anemia based on size?

A
  1. Macrocytic:cells are LARGER than normal
  2. Microcytic:cells are SMALLER than normal
  3. Normocytic:cells are NORMAL size
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40
Q

What are the subclassifications of erythrocytic anemia based on amount of hemoglobin?

A
  1. Hyperchromic:TOO MUCH hemoglobin
  2. Hypochromic:TOO LITTLE hemoglobin
  3. Normochromic:NORMAL amount
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41
Q

What does macrocytic mean?

A

Cells are larger than normal

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42
Q

What is it called when cells are larger than normal in anemia?

A

Macrocytic

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43
Q

What is it called when cells are smaller than normal in anemia?

A

Microcytic

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44
Q

What is it called when cells are normal sized in anemia?

A

Normocytic

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45
Q

What is it called when cells have too much hemoglobin in anemia?

A

Hyperchromic

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46
Q

What is it called when cells have to little hemoglobin in anemia?

A

Hypochromic

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47
Q

What is it called when cells have normal amounts of hemoglobin in anemia?

A

Normochromic

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48
Q

What does microcytic mean?

A

cells are smaller than normal

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49
Q

What does normocytic mean?

A

cells are normal size

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50
Q

What does hypochromic mean?

A

too little hemoglobin

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51
Q

What does hypochromic mean?

A

too much hemoglobin

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52
Q

What does normochromic mean?

A

normal amount of hemoglobin

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53
Q

What are clinical manifestations of mild anemia?

A

Asymptomatic except during exercise

  • Increased Sweating
  • Dyspnea (air hunger)
  • Heart Palpations
54
Q

Increased sweating, dyspnea, and heart palpitations during exercise are clinical manifestations of what?

A

Mild Anemia

55
Q

Clinical manifestations of severe anemia include what systems?

A 
Cardiovascular,
Digestive,
Pallor,
Integumentary System,
CNS
56
Q

Cardiovascular, digestive, pallor, integumentary, and CNS are systems affected by what kind of anemia?

A

Severe Anemia

57
Q

What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the cardiovascular system?

A

Decreased Blood Viscosity,

Systemic vessels dilate when hypoxic (relaxation of smooth muscle)

58
Q

What does decreased blood viscosity and systemic vessel dilation cause?

A

Increase rate of blood flow

  • Increases venous return-heart beats faster and harder-increases venous return
  • Positive feedback mechanism
59
Q

What does an increase in blood flow rate cause?

A

Positive feedback mechanism between increased venous return and heart rate

60
Q

What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the digestive system?

A

Nausea,

Indigestion (secondary to hypoxia)

61
Q

Nausea and indigestion are clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia where?

A

Digestive System

62
Q

What is pallor?

A

Unhealthy pale appearance

63
Q

What is the name given to an unhealthy pale appearance?

A

Pallor

64
Q

What are some common places to check for pallor in severe anemia?

A

Palms,
Soles of feet,
Mucous membranes

65
Q

What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the integumentary system?

A

Thinning of skin,
Poor healing of skin,
Loss of elasticity of skin,
Early graying of hair

66
Q

Thinning of skin, poor healing, loss of elasticity of skin, and early graying of hair are clinical manifestations of severe anemia where?

A

Integumentary System

67
Q

What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the CNS?

A

Insomnia,
Disorientation,
Inability to concentrate

68
Q

Insomnia, disorientation, and inability to concentrate are clinical manifestations of severe anemia where?

A

CNS

69
Q

What are types of anemia?

A

Macrocytic-Normochromic,
Microcytic-Hypochromic,
Normocytic-Normochromic

70
Q

Macrocytic-Normochromic, Microcytic-Hypochromic, and Normocytic-Normochromic are types of what?

A

Anemia

71
Q

What is Macrocytic-Normochromic anemia?

A

Too few erythrocytes bc of a defect in DNA synthesis

72
Q

What type of anemia is associated with too few erythrocytes bc of a defect in DNA synthesis?

A

Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia

73
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor bc of poor absorption of vitamin B12

74
Q

What kind of anemia does a lack of intrinsic factor bc of poor absorption of vitamin B12 cause?

A

Pernicious Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)

75
Q

What causes pernicious anemia?

A

Atrophy of GI mucosa,
Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells,
Gastrectomy:No parietal cells to make intrinsic factor,
Bariatric Surgery

76
Q

What kind of anemia does atrophy of GI mucosa, autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, gastrectomy, and bariatric Surgery cause?

A

Pernicious Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)

77
Q

What is the treatment for pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin B12 Injections

78
Q

Vitamin B12 injections are a treatment for what kind of anemia?

A

Pernicious Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)

79
Q

What chemicals are necessary for DNA synthesis?

A

Folate,

Vitamin B12

80
Q

What is folate necessary for?

A

Making thymine, guanine, adamine

81
Q

What chemical is necessary to make thymine, guanine, and adamine?

A

Folate

82
Q

What causes folate deficiency?

A

Poor Nutrition

-Often predisposed by anything that increases DNA synthesis

83
Q

What kind of anemia does poor nutrition cause?

A

Folate Deficiency Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)

84
Q

What are some things that cause increased DNA synthesis?

A

Pregnancy,
Cancer,
Recovery from Surgery

85
Q

Pregnancy, cancer, and recovery from surgery cause what?

A

Increased DNA synthesis

86
Q

T or F:Sometimes folate deficient anemia causes problems with neural tube formation in pregnant women.

A

True

87
Q

What are some treatments for folate deficient anemia?

A

Folate Supplements,

Good Diet

88
Q

Folate supplements and good diet are treatments for what kind of anemia?

A

Folate Deficient Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)

89
Q

What is Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?

A

Iron Deficiency

90
Q

What kind of anemia is caused by iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia

91
Q

What do the cells look like in Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?

A

Ghosts compared to normal

92
Q

How do you lose iron?

A

Sloughing of epidermis in GI mucosa

93
Q

What is the purpose of iron?

A

transports oxygen on RBC Heme Groups

94
Q

What transports oxygen on RBC Heme Groups

A

Iron

95
Q

What causes Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?

A

Chronic Bleeding

Inadequate Iron Intake

96
Q

Chronic bleeding and inadequate iron intake cause what type of anemia?

A

Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia

97
Q

What are some causes of chronic bleeding?

A 
GI bleeding
-Ulcers
-Hemorrhoids
-Gastritis (inflammation of stomach mucosa)
Menstruation
98
Q

GI bleeding and menstruation are causes of what?

A

Chronic Bleeding

99
Q

How much blood constitutes as chronic bleeding?

A

2-4mL/day

100
Q

What causes GI bleeding?

A

Ulcers
Hemorrhoids
Gastritis

101
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of stomach mucosa

102
Q

Ulcers, hemorrhoids, and gastritis cause what?

A

GI bleeding

103
Q

Where is Heme Iron found?

A

Meat

104
Q

What kind of iron is found in meat?

A

Heme Iron

105
Q

What kind of iron is found in nuts, eggs, chocolate, dark leafy greens, etc?

A

Non-Heme Iron

106
Q

Where is non-heme iron found?

A

Nuts, Eggs, Chocolate, Dark Leafy Greens, etc

107
Q

What percent of heme iron is absorbed?

A

25%

108
Q

What percent of non-heme iron is absorbed?

A

ONLY 1%

109
Q

What is the treatment for Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?

A

Iron supplements,

Addressing underlying causes

110
Q

What is a clue for Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?

A

Nails are depressed in sever anemia

111
Q

What is Normocytic-Normochromic anemia?

A

Decreased number of erythrocytes

112
Q

What type of anemia has a decreased number of erythrocytes?

A

Normocytic-Normochromic anemia

113
Q

What are the kinds of Normocytic-Normochromic anemia?

A

Aplastic Anemia,
Post Hemorrhagic Anemia,
Hemolytic Anemia

114
Q

Aplastic anemia, post hemorrhagic anemia, and hemolytic anemia are what type of anemia?

A

Normocytic-Normochromic anemia

115
Q

What is Aplastic Anemia?

A

Decreased production of erythrocytes

116
Q

What are causes of Aplastic Anemia?

A

Bone Marrow Diseases/Disorders, including cancer therapies

Kidney Disease:Kidney hypoxia, Decreased EPO

117
Q

What kind of anemia has decreased production of erythrocytes?

A

Aplastic Anemia

118
Q

What are the unique manifestations associated with Aplastic Anemia?

A

Decreased reticulocyte count

119
Q

Bone marrow diseases and kidney disease cause what kind of anemia?

A

Aplastic Anemia

120
Q

What are the treatments for Aplastic Anemia?

A

Synthetic EPO(Kidney Disease)
Transfusions
Possibly a Bone Marrow Transplant

121
Q

Synthetic EPO and transfusions are treatments for what kind of anemia?

A

Aplastic Anemia

122
Q

What is posthemorrhagic anemia?

A

Acute blood loss in a person with normal iron stores

123
Q

What kind of anemia is associated with acute blood loss in a person with normal iron stores?

A

Post Hemorrhagic Anemia

124
Q

How is posthemorrhagic anemia treated?

A

Transfusions

125
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Increased destruction of erythrocytes

126
Q

What kind of anemia is associated with increased destruction of erythrocytes?

A

Hemolytic Anemia

127
Q

What are the two subclassifications of hemolytic anemia?

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

128
Q

What is extrinsic hemolytic anemia?

A

Increased destruction of erythrocytes because of factors external to RBCs

129
Q

What is intrinsic hemolytic anemia?

A

Increased destruction of erythrocytes because of factors inherent to RBCs

130
Q

What causes extrinsic hemolytic anemia?

A 
Hemodialysis,
Artificial Heart Valves,
Autoimmune Hemolysis,
Infectious Hemolysis,
Toxic Hemolysis

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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