Alterations of Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function Flashcards
1
Q
What is primary polycythemia?
A
Increased formed elements
2
Q
What disorder has an increase in formed elements in blood?
A
Primary Polycythemia
3
Q
What are the consequences of primary polycythemia?
A
Increased blood viscosity,
Increased thrombocytes,
Splenomegaly,
Hepatomegaly
4
Q
Increased blood viscosity, increased thrombocytes, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly are consequences of what?
A
Primary Polycythemia
5
Q
What does an increase in blood viscosity cause?
A
Increased risk of formation of thrombus
6
Q
What does an increase in thrombocytes cause?
A
Increased risk of formation of thrombus
7
Q
What causes an increase in risk of thrombus formation?
A
Increase in blood viscosity,
Increase in thrombocytes
8
Q
What is splenomegaly?
A
Enlargement of the spleen
9
Q
What is hepatomegaly?
A
Enlargement of the liver
10
Q
What is enlargement of the spleen called?
A
Splenomegaly
11
Q
What is enlargement of the liver called?
A
Hepatomegaly
12
Q
T or F:Primary polycythemia is a common disease.
A
False
13
Q
What is the treatment for primary polycythemia?
A
Phlebotomy:having blood removed
14
Q
Having blood removed is a treatment for what?
A
Primary Polycythemia
15
Q
What is secondary polycythemia?
A
Increase in EPO secretion
16
Q
What does EPO stand for?
A
Erythropoietin
17
Q
What disorder is an increase in EPO secretion?
A
Secondary Polycythemia
18
Q
T or F:Secondary polycythemia causes an increase in platelets and leukocytes.
A
False. ONLY an increase in RBCs
19
Q
What does RBC stand for?
A
Red Blood Corpuscles
20
Q
What causes secondary polycythemia?
A
Tissue hypoxia,
Autonomous EPO production
21
Q
What disorder does tissue hypoxia and autonomous EPO production cause?
A
Secondary Polycythemia
22
Q
What is a general cause of tissue hypoxia?
A
Pulmonary Diseases,
High Altitude,
Heart Disease
23
Q
What causes tissue hypoxia specific to the kidney?
A
Renal Artery Stenosis
24
Q
What does renal artery stenosis cause?
A
Secondary Polycythemia: specifically due to tissue hypoxia in the kidney
25
What does pulmonary diseases, high altitude, and heart disease cause?
Secondary Polycythemia: due to general tissue hypoxia
26
What cause renal artery stenosis?
Cysts on the kidney (Polycystic Kidney Disease),
| Tumors
27
What does Polycystic Kidney Disease and tumors cause?
Secondary Polycythemia: specifically due to renal artery stenosis in the kidney causing tissue hypoxia
28
Why does renal artery stenosis cause tissue hypoxia in the kidney?
Pushes on the kidney and impedes blood flow to tissue so parts of the kidney become hypoxic
29
What is an example of autonomous EPO secretion?
Ectopic Hormone
30
What does ectopic mean?
out of place
31
What is one thing that secretes ectopic hormones?
Cancer Cells
32
What kind of cancer cells secrete ectopic hormones?
Ovarian,
| Liver
33
T of F:High levels of hematocrit in a woman with no other symptoms could signal for a need to look for cancer.
True
34
What clinical manifestations are associated with secondary polycythemia?
```
Red/ruddy appearance,
Retinal blood vessel engorgement,
Splenomegaly,
Hepatomegaly,
Thrombus formation
```
35
What is a thrombus?
Blood Clot
36
What is another name for a blood clot?
Thrombus
37
Red/ruddy appearance, retinal blood vessel engorgement, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and thrombus formation are clinical manifestations of what?
Secondary Polycythemia
38
What are the classifications of erythrocytic anemia?
Size,
| Amount of Hemoglobin
39
What are the subclassifications of erythrocytic anemia based on size?
1. Macrocytic:cells are LARGER than normal
2. Microcytic:cells are SMALLER than normal
3. Normocytic:cells are NORMAL size
40
What are the subclassifications of erythrocytic anemia based on amount of hemoglobin?
1. Hyperchromic:TOO MUCH hemoglobin
2. Hypochromic:TOO LITTLE hemoglobin
3. Normochromic:NORMAL amount
41
What does macrocytic mean?
Cells are larger than normal
42
What is it called when cells are larger than normal in anemia?
Macrocytic
43
What is it called when cells are smaller than normal in anemia?
Microcytic
44
What is it called when cells are normal sized in anemia?
Normocytic
45
What is it called when cells have too much hemoglobin in anemia?
Hyperchromic
46
What is it called when cells have to little hemoglobin in anemia?
Hypochromic
47
What is it called when cells have normal amounts of hemoglobin in anemia?
Normochromic
48
What does microcytic mean?
cells are smaller than normal
49
What does normocytic mean?
cells are normal size
50
What does hypochromic mean?
too little hemoglobin
51
What does hypochromic mean?
too much hemoglobin
52
What does normochromic mean?
normal amount of hemoglobin
53
What are clinical manifestations of mild anemia?
Asymptomatic except during exercise
- Increased Sweating
- Dyspnea (air hunger)
- Heart Palpations
54
Increased sweating, dyspnea, and heart palpitations during exercise are clinical manifestations of what?
Mild Anemia
55
Clinical manifestations of severe anemia include what systems?
```
Cardiovascular,
Digestive,
Pallor,
Integumentary System,
CNS
```
56
Cardiovascular, digestive, pallor, integumentary, and CNS are systems affected by what kind of anemia?
Severe Anemia
57
What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the cardiovascular system?
Decreased Blood Viscosity,
| Systemic vessels dilate when hypoxic (relaxation of smooth muscle)
58
What does decreased blood viscosity and systemic vessel dilation cause?
Increase rate of blood flow
- Increases venous return-heart beats faster and harder-increases venous return
* Positive feedback mechanism
59
What does an increase in blood flow rate cause?
Positive feedback mechanism between increased venous return and heart rate
60
What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the digestive system?
Nausea,
| Indigestion (secondary to hypoxia)
61
Nausea and indigestion are clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia where?
Digestive System
62
What is pallor?
Unhealthy pale appearance
63
What is the name given to an unhealthy pale appearance?
Pallor
64
What are some common places to check for pallor in severe anemia?
Palms,
Soles of feet,
Mucous membranes
65
What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the integumentary system?
Thinning of skin,
Poor healing of skin,
Loss of elasticity of skin,
Early graying of hair
66
Thinning of skin, poor healing, loss of elasticity of skin, and early graying of hair are clinical manifestations of severe anemia where?
Integumentary System
67
What are the clinical manifestations associated with severe anemia in the CNS?
Insomnia,
Disorientation,
Inability to concentrate
68
Insomnia, disorientation, and inability to concentrate are clinical manifestations of severe anemia where?
CNS
69
What are types of anemia?
Macrocytic-Normochromic,
Microcytic-Hypochromic,
Normocytic-Normochromic
70
Macrocytic-Normochromic, Microcytic-Hypochromic, and Normocytic-Normochromic are types of what?
Anemia
71
What is Macrocytic-Normochromic anemia?
Too few erythrocytes bc of a defect in DNA synthesis
72
What type of anemia is associated with too few erythrocytes bc of a defect in DNA synthesis?
Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia
73
What is pernicious anemia?
Lack of intrinsic factor bc of poor absorption of vitamin B12
74
What kind of anemia does a lack of intrinsic factor bc of poor absorption of vitamin B12 cause?
Pernicious Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)
75
What causes pernicious anemia?
Atrophy of GI mucosa,
Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells,
Gastrectomy:No parietal cells to make intrinsic factor,
Bariatric Surgery
76
What kind of anemia does atrophy of GI mucosa, autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, gastrectomy, and bariatric Surgery cause?
Pernicious Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)
77
What is the treatment for pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 Injections
78
Vitamin B12 injections are a treatment for what kind of anemia?
Pernicious Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)
79
What chemicals are necessary for DNA synthesis?
Folate,
| Vitamin B12
80
What is folate necessary for?
Making thymine, guanine, adamine
81
What chemical is necessary to make thymine, guanine, and adamine?
Folate
82
What causes folate deficiency?
Poor Nutrition
| -Often predisposed by anything that increases DNA synthesis
83
What kind of anemia does poor nutrition cause?
Folate Deficiency Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)
84
What are some things that cause increased DNA synthesis?
Pregnancy,
Cancer,
Recovery from Surgery
85
Pregnancy, cancer, and recovery from surgery cause what?
Increased DNA synthesis
86
T or F:Sometimes folate deficient anemia causes problems with neural tube formation in pregnant women.
True
87
What are some treatments for folate deficient anemia?
Folate Supplements,
| Good Diet
88
Folate supplements and good diet are treatments for what kind of anemia?
Folate Deficient Anemia (Macrocytic-Normochromic)
89
What is Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?
Iron Deficiency
90
What kind of anemia is caused by iron deficiency?
Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia
91
What do the cells look like in Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?
Ghosts compared to normal
92
How do you lose iron?
Sloughing of epidermis in GI mucosa
93
What is the purpose of iron?
transports oxygen on RBC Heme Groups
94
What transports oxygen on RBC Heme Groups
Iron
95
What causes Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?
Chronic Bleeding
| Inadequate Iron Intake
96
Chronic bleeding and inadequate iron intake cause what type of anemia?
Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia
97
What are some causes of chronic bleeding?
```
GI bleeding
-Ulcers
-Hemorrhoids
-Gastritis (inflammation of stomach mucosa)
Menstruation
```
98
GI bleeding and menstruation are causes of what?
Chronic Bleeding
99
How much blood constitutes as chronic bleeding?
2-4mL/day
100
What causes GI bleeding?
Ulcers
Hemorrhoids
Gastritis
101
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of stomach mucosa
102
Ulcers, hemorrhoids, and gastritis cause what?
GI bleeding
103
Where is Heme Iron found?
Meat
104
What kind of iron is found in meat?
Heme Iron
105
What kind of iron is found in nuts, eggs, chocolate, dark leafy greens, etc?
Non-Heme Iron
106
Where is non-heme iron found?
Nuts, Eggs, Chocolate, Dark Leafy Greens, etc
107
What percent of heme iron is absorbed?
25%
108
What percent of non-heme iron is absorbed?
ONLY 1%
109
What is the treatment for Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?
Iron supplements,
| Addressing underlying causes
110
What is a clue for Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia?
Nails are depressed in sever anemia
111
What is Normocytic-Normochromic anemia?
Decreased number of erythrocytes
112
What type of anemia has a decreased number of erythrocytes?
Normocytic-Normochromic anemia
113
What are the kinds of Normocytic-Normochromic anemia?
Aplastic Anemia,
Post Hemorrhagic Anemia,
Hemolytic Anemia
114
Aplastic anemia, post hemorrhagic anemia, and hemolytic anemia are what type of anemia?
Normocytic-Normochromic anemia
115
What is Aplastic Anemia?
Decreased production of erythrocytes
116
What are causes of Aplastic Anemia?
Bone Marrow Diseases/Disorders, including cancer therapies
| Kidney Disease:Kidney hypoxia, Decreased EPO
117
What kind of anemia has decreased production of erythrocytes?
Aplastic Anemia
118
What are the unique manifestations associated with Aplastic Anemia?
Decreased reticulocyte count
119
Bone marrow diseases and kidney disease cause what kind of anemia?
Aplastic Anemia
120
What are the treatments for Aplastic Anemia?
Synthetic EPO(Kidney Disease)
Transfusions
Possibly a Bone Marrow Transplant
121
Synthetic EPO and transfusions are treatments for what kind of anemia?
Aplastic Anemia
122
What is posthemorrhagic anemia?
Acute blood loss in a person with normal iron stores
123
What kind of anemia is associated with acute blood loss in a person with normal iron stores?
Post Hemorrhagic Anemia
124
How is posthemorrhagic anemia treated?
Transfusions
125
What is hemolytic anemia?
Increased destruction of erythrocytes
126
What kind of anemia is associated with increased destruction of erythrocytes?
Hemolytic Anemia
127
What are the two subclassifications of hemolytic anemia?
Extrinsic
| Intrinsic
128
What is extrinsic hemolytic anemia?
Increased destruction of erythrocytes because of factors external to RBCs
129
What is intrinsic hemolytic anemia?
Increased destruction of erythrocytes because of factors inherent to RBCs
130
What causes extrinsic hemolytic anemia?
```
Hemodialysis,
Artificial Heart Valves,
Autoimmune Hemolysis,
Infectious Hemolysis,
Toxic Hemolysis
```
