Tulving Theory Of LTM Flashcards
What are the two types of long-term memory proposed by Tulving?
Episodic and semantic memory
Tulving suggested that these two types differ in nature, time referencing, and retrieval evidence.
Define declarative memory.
Memory of meaningful events despite forgetting how to do it
Includes both episodic and semantic memories.
What are semantic memories
General knowledge and facts linking concepts and meanings of words and symbols
Processed in the frontal and temporal cortexes, lacking personal temporal links.
What is a key finding from Bower’s research on semantic memory?
Participants recalled significantly more words when presented in categories (73) compared to random words (21)
Highlights the importance of meaningful encoding in semantic memory.
What does Clive Wearing’s case support regarding memory?
The existence of separate stores for semantic and episodic memory
He retained semantic memory (e.g., knowledge of his wife) but lost episodic memory (e.g., specific experiences).
What characterizes episodic memories?
Events and personal experiences, processed in the hippocampus
Associated with temporal and spatial links and linked to the five senses.
What is autonoetic consciousness?
The ability to relive memories due to the subjective quality of long-term memory
This concept pertains to episodic memory.
What weakness exists in studying semantic and episodic memory?
Difficulty in separating the two types of memory as they rely on each other
This complicates the study and lowers internal validity.
How do episodic memories relate to eyewitness testimony?
Episodic memories can be distorted by similar information during retrieval
To improve accuracy, police should question witnesses soon after the event and use contextual cues.
What is the alternate theory to Tulving’s model regarding memory?
The multi-store model
Proposes a linear process where STM transfers to LTM through elaborative rehearsal.
What was the aim of Baddeley et al.’s study?
To investigate if LTM is affected more by acoustic similarity than semantic similarity
Focused on memory impairment in LTM.
Describe the sample used in Baddeley et al.’s study.
72 volunteers from the applied psychology research unit in Cambridge
Split into four conditions based on word similarity.
What is a weakness of Baddeley et al.’s study?
Lacks generalisability due to being ethnocentric and a volunteer sample
Findings may not apply to a wider population beyond British individuals interested in psychology.
