Tulving's Long term memory

Question 1

Tulving LTM 1972

paragraph 1 semantic memory (facts)

Answer 1

Semantic memory (facts) is the memory of general knowledge such as facts and equations and knowing 2+2=4

this type of memory is created before eposodic memory

There is no dependency on context or cues for retrieval as it can be retrieved without cues, but cues can still be used

Independent from time referencing, recall 1 Sem event wont trigger recall of another

Spacial Referencing = remember Sem mem in fragments not all at once

Question 2

Tulving LTM 1972

Paragraph 1 Eposodic memory (events)

Answer 2

Episodic memories (events) are autobiographical this means they are personal to you

They are created from a semantic memory of when you experienced an event that you add personal meaning to

Unlike semantic memory there must be Cues related to the context thst the memory was created from for retrieval

Time referencing: Dependant on it

Mem is related to a specific date and time

recall 1 time referencing (Epp) event can trigger another mem

Spacial referencing: Does not recall mem all at once as Epp is continuous
so also not in fragments

Question 3

Tulving LTM 1972

Paragraph 1 procedural memory (skills)

Answer 3

Both episodes and semantic memory are classes declarative memory as they are explicit information

tulving (1985) outlined an additional store called procedural memory for skills

This is non-declarative as it is unconsciously retrieved and is automatic so we can focus our attention on over tasks simultaneously

Typically acquired through practice and repetition, this type of memory Focuses on skills and knowing how to do something not necessarily why to do it
for example riding a bike

Question 4

Tulving LTM 1972

Paragraph 1 evidence (+) Clive wearing

Answer 4

Clive wearing and brain damage in hippocampus which meant that he retained some memory abilities but lost others

he could remember how to play the piano which supports procedural memory

however he did not know the names of his own children this is episodic memory

does know he has a Wife tho, greats them like they havent met in decades tho, so no mem of personal events with them (so no ep) + Know does have children

also cant recall much abt his life before 1985 so no Ep

therefore proving that there are separate types of LTM
and Thus supporting Tulving’s long-term memory Theory

Question 5

Tulving LTM 1972

Paragraph 2: good research (+/-)

Answer 5

PET scans during explicit memory tests show that semantic memory is mainly active in the frontal and temporal cortexes while episodic memory is stored in the hippocampus

However episodic memory rely on semantic memory for its creation it can be hard to measure independently and they cannot be studied in absolute isolation from one another possibly reducing the validity of this result (-)

PET scans during a non-declarative memory test show that procedural memory is stored in the cerebellum

PET scans limmit extraneous variables such as participent effects and are objective and scientific showing it is good research (+)

Question 6

Tulving LTM 1972

Paragraph 3: Comparison (to MSM (T=+))

Answer 6

Compared to MSM tulvings Theory maybe more developed but it lacks other areas of memory including STM however tulvings Theory is more widely accepted than MSN which simplifies LTM to one singular store whereas tulving categorizes it into several different types of sub-store
This makes it more useful for psychologists studying LTM in depth making it a better explanation of long-term memory than MSM

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MSM is however Much better at providing Psychologists of a model of memory as a whole
compared to the more detailed Tulvings LTM
which only Concentrates on LTM

meaning MSM is more usfull to Psychologists studying memory as a whole

Question 7

Tulvings LTM 1972

Paragraph 4: conclusion + Aplication (Belleville et al 2006 elderly memory imparment, eposodic training program/test)

Answer 7

In conclusion Tulving’s LTM Theory is a in-depth and detailed explanation of long-term memory which while it is complex allows for LTM to be studied more in depth by Psychologists

It’s application can be summarised by Belleville at al (2006)
where there was a training program to improve the episodic memory of older people with memory impairment
participants who took the training program performed better on an episodic memory test after the training then those who did not partake in the training program

showing that the theory can be applied to memory training and help the elderly with memory impairment

Question 8

Tulving’s LTM Theory 1972

Evaluate 8mk procedure:

Answer 8

Paragraph 1: semantic +eposodic + non declaritive and declaritive + Procedural — evidence: Clive wearing

Paragraphy 2: how good is research: PET SCANS Semantic=Frontal + temporal cortexes eposodic= initialy processed in hippocampus then stored in neocortext

due to link hard to study each isolated

Procedural = cerebellum

prooves different sub-stores of LTM

Paragraph 3: Compare to MSM
while MSM better overal (includes STM ect.)
T LTM is more indepth + accepted by psychologists= good for research on it + better

Paragraph 4: T LTM is good explenation of LTM
Aplication: Belleville et al (2006) eposodic memory training program/tests for elderly with memory imparment with training program = higher score