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Biology HL IBDP2 > Tuesday October 22 Quest Preparation > Flashcards

Tuesday October 22 Quest Preparation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion down a concentration gradient aided by proteins

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2
Q

what types of proteins for facilitated diffusion

A

both channel and carrier

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3
Q

which ion is most present inside the cell

A

potassium

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4
Q

what bases the selectivity of ion channels

A

binding sites based on hydrophobic/philic properties and size

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5
Q

what are the types of channels

A

voltage gated
ligand gated
mechanically gated

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6
Q

what are ligands

A

molecules that are used as keys to open a gated channel

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7
Q

whats an example of facilitated diffusion via carrier proteins

A

GLUT transporters that transport glucose to red blood cells down a gradient

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8
Q

whats an example of facilitated diffusion via channel proteins

A

aquaporins which allow water to travel faster than simple diffusion with a channel protein down a gradient

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9
Q

what is active transport

A

transportation of particles from low to high concentration (against gradient)

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10
Q

what form of transport requires ATP

A

active transport

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11
Q

at what step does the hydrolysis of ATP occur

A

the attachment of sodium ions

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12
Q

whats an example of active transport

A

glucose to epithelial cells in small intestine OR red blood cells maintaining sodium + potassium levels

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13
Q

what are the 3 uses of active transport

A

maintain sodium potassium levels
remove waste
take up essential nutrients

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14
Q

what is direct active transport

A

the transport of molecules/particles against its gradient (one particle)

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15
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

breakdown of ATP

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16
Q

what makes an exergonic reaction

A

direct active transport

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17
Q

what is indirect active transport

A

the transport of one particle with its gradient and another against its gradient

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18
Q

whats an example of indirect active transport

A

cotransport of glucose and sodium to an epithelial cell in the small intestine

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19
Q

what is endocytosis

A

bulk transport mechanism that moves particles into a cell through engulfing a vesicle

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20
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

ingestion of large solid particles

21
Q

whats an example of phagocytosis

A

when WBC’s project their membrane around foreign particles, engulf them, and becomes a phagosome
then fuses with a lysosome to break down matter and release nutrients

22
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

ingestion of bulk liquid particles

23
Q

what is exocytosis

A

the bulk transport of materials out of the cell or to the membrane

23
Q

what is an example of pinocytosis

A

the intake of extracellular liquid for a cell

24
Q

what is an example of exocytosis

A

glycolipids produced in the er and modified in the golgi can be sent out to the membrane for repair

24
Q

can undigested food be excreted out of the cell

A

yes

25
Q

why are vesicles and membranes the same level of fluidity

A

their membranes are made of the same level of saturation or unsaturation

26
Q

do gated ion channels span a membrane

A

yes

27
Q

what way in terms of gradient do gated ion channels travel

A

down a gradient

28
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

the potential difference of the cell and extracellular environment

29
Q

what is the typical resting membrane potential / potential difference in a neuron

A

-70mV

30
Q

what is action potential

A

a stimulus that can cause an electrical impulse

31
Q

what is an electrical impulse

A

temporary reversal in potential difference that can send signals

32
Q

are voltage-gated channels open or closed during resting state

A

closed

33
Q

describe the process of the gated ion channels in neurons

A

stimulus causes the sodium ion channel to open and the sodium diffuses from extracellular to cellular environment (depolarization)
then the potassium channel opens and the diffusion of potassium from cellular to extracellular environment occurs (repolarisation)

34
Q

channels can be called pores (T/F)

A

true

35
Q

what shape is the inactivation gate for ion channels

A

spherical

36
Q

what are ligand gated channels

A

ion channels that open when a molecule binds to it (ligand)

37
Q

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand gated channels (T/F)

A

true

38
Q

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are in skeletal neuromuscular junctions (T/F)

A

true

39
Q

can nicotine open nAchR

A

yes

40
Q

what is the name of the sodium potassium pump as an enzyme

A

ATPase / ATPases

41
Q

describe the working of the sodium potassium pump

A

pump is open to the inside and 3 sodium attaches
the hydrolysis of ATP occurs
conformational change and discards sodium to extracellular
2 potassium attaches
conformational change and discards potassium in cell

42
Q

what is indirect active transport

A

the transport of one molecule with its gradient and another against its gradient

43
Q

what is a cotransporter protein

A

a protein that can transport 2 particles at once

44
Q

what type of protein are cotransporter proteins

A

channel proteins

45
Q

whats an example of indirect active transport

A

sodium dragging glucose along for the transport into epithelial cell in small intestine

46
Q

what is an endergonic process

A

non-spontaneous absorption of energy

Biology HL IBDP2 (3 decks)

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