Tudors__C16_ The Social Impact of Religious & Economic Changes under Mary I Flashcards
1
Q
what were the first religious changes of Mary’s reign generated by?
A
by the willing participation of a largely enthusiatic populace
2
Q
what problems did Mary face when she tried to restore England to catholicism and papal jurisdiction?
A
- Protestantism although a minority faith
had attracted adherents in London and in other parts of the south - The reformed protestant church of england was protected in statute law - many members of the political elites
on whose support mary depended
had benefitted financially from the acquisition of monastic land and had no desire to surrender what Mary saw as their ill-gotten gains.
3
Q
what happened to some of the most prominent protestant clergy?
A
they were deprived of their livings and imprisoned in some cases
4
Q
what were foreign protestants ordered to do?
A
they were ordered to leave the country although many had done so already
5
Q
when did the legislative attack on protestantism begin?
A
the meeting of Mary’s first parliament in October 1553
6
Q
what happened at Mary’s first parliament (October 1553)?
A
- the religious laws that had been passed during Edward’s reign were repealed
- the order of service as at the time of the death of Henry VIII was restored
- all clergy who had married when permitted to do so could be deprived of their livings
- the legal status of the church of england was upheld.
7
Q
what dilemma did mary face with passing legislation to reverse the royal supremacy?
A
- it would mean acknowledging that the original laws passed during Henry VIII’s reign were legally valid.
- basically it would mean mary would have to accept the superiority of statute law over divine law
the opposite of her own fundamental belief
8
Q
when was the status of the church finally resolved?
A
Mary’s third parliament which lasted from November 1554 to January 1555.
9
Q
what delayed the process of resolving the status of the church?
A
the issue of what should happen to the lands from dissolved monasteries which had fallen into private hands.
10
Q
what was made clear to the pope and reginald pole about monastic lands?
A
there was no question that such land could be restored to the church
11
Q
what had Simon renard told Charles V about the monastic lands?
A
more ex-monastic land was in the hands of catholics than protestants
12
Q
when did Cardinal pole arrive in england to take up position as legate and archbishop of canterbury?
A
November 1554
13
Q
what did Mary’s third parliament do in relation to cardinal pole?
A
it reversed the henrician act of attainder that had been passed against Pole
14
Q
what did the first statute of repeal do?
A
repealed the religious legislation of edward’s reign
15
Q
what year was the first statue of repeal?
A
1553
16
Q
when were heresey laws restored?
A
November 1554
17
Q
what act revoked the royal supremacy?
A
the Act of repeal
18
Q
when was the act of repeal passed?
A
January 1555
19
Q
what did the second statute of repeal do? it repealed anti-papal legislation from Henry’s reign
A
20
Q
why was Pole a subject of suspicion among landowners? his grudging attitude on the subject of church property
A
his reputation never really recovered from this
21
Q
when did Pope Julius III die? 1555
A
22
Q
who succeeded Pope Julius III? Pope Paul IV
A
he was fiercely anti-spanish
23
Q
how did Pope Paul IV view Pole? as a heretic
A
24
Q
who was Pope Paul IV hostile to? Mary’s husband Philip
A
because he was spanish
25
how was Pope Paul IV's hostility to philip demonstrated? his open hostility to the spanish side in a war which broke out in 1555
in which Mary found herself effectively at war with the papacy
26
how was Paul IV's attitude to Pole demonstrated? when he dismissed him as papal legate in April 1557
27
what was the significance of Pole being dismissed as papal legate? it was a significant blow to his prestige
but it also meant he could no longer act directly on behalf of the pope in his supervision of the English church
28
what placed Mary in a difficult legal relationship with the pope after he dismissed Pole? the pope named a new legate
William Peto
## Footnote
but mary trusted pole
and in effect refused to acknowledge superior papal authority that placed peto in a higher position in the english church than the archbishop of canterbury
29
what book became the most widely read book (apart from the bible) in elizabeth's reign? Foxe's book of martyrs
about mary's burning of protestants
30
how many burnings were there in london? 60
which reflects the concentration of protestantism there
31
where were the main locations of the burnings? the south-east
the places which had higher protestant populations
32
how many protestants were burned? 280
including high profile ones like Cranmer
## Footnote
Hooper and ridley
33
how many clergymen were burned? 21
34
how many members of the gentry were burned? 8
35
what status were the majority of those burned? most were men and women of fairly humble status
wealthier people were able to escape into exile
36
what does the humble background of many of those burned suggest? that protestantism was important to some people who did not simply benefit financially from religious change
37
what did the deaths of the first two victims
John rogers and rowland taylor
## Footnote
elicit? widespread public sympathy
38
what effect did extending the range of victims to include humble persons have? it seems to have strengthened the sympathy for their martyrdom
39
what is evidence that the council started worrying about the effects of burnings? it attempted to ban servants
apprentices and the young in general from attending burnings
40
what was the catholic reformation? the attempts of the catholic church to reform itself
41
what was the legatine synod? a joint assembly summoned by a papal legate; in this context
Pole as papal legate had the right to summon clergy from both provinces of the english church - canterbury and york - to a legatine synod; other archbishops of canterbury did not have this right
42
what did pole try to do? ensure the quality of pastoral provision
43
what did Pole's legatine synod of 1555 to 1556 make clear? it made his expectations clear: - bishops were to reside in their dioceses
they were to preach and they were to oversee carefully the religious life of their parishes
44
what proposal was put forward (although never put into effect) that reflected the spirit of the catholic reformation? that each cathedral should have a seminary attached for the training of new recruits to the priesthood
45
how did recruiting priests vary by area? recruiting priests was easy in areas like durham
however there were very few candidates for ordination in places like kent
## Footnote
for example.
46
what did the bulk of the country remain in sentiment? catholic
47
what economic problems did Mary face? - the continued pressure on demand brought about by the rapid increase in the population. this was the key long term factor in increasing inflation - the inflationary impact of debasement of the coinage. this was the key medium-term factor - Harvest failures in 1555 and 1556. These brought severe food shortages and severe strain on real wages for the poor - the devastating impact of the 'sweating sickness' which swept through the country in 1557 and 1558 (the death toll was possibly the worst since the black death)
48
why was progress made in revenue administration? - edward's premature death had prevented any of the recommendations
from the commission set up by northumberland
## Footnote
being set up in his reign. - the Court of Exchequer took over both the court of first fruit and tenths and the court of augmentations
but in the process adopted some of the more recent courts' superior methods. - financial administration
under lord treasurer winchester
was competent
49
what big finanical mistake did mary make? remitting the final part of edward's last subsidy
50
despite the level of royal indebtedness rising during the reign
why did it not do so dramatically? given that england was at war with france during the later stages of the reign
51
what was the financial record like
seeing as it was a government at war? satisfactory
52
why was the long-term security of crown finances boosted? - by the plans for recoinage drawn up from 1556 to 1558 but implemented under elizabeth - it was the thoroughness of of preparation under mary that enabled efficient implementation under elizabeth - Elizabeth also reaped the benefit from the introduction of a new book of rates in 1558
which raised customs revenue dramatically
53
what was poor relief under mary partially a response to? - the extent of the problems the country faced from 1556 to 1558. - there was a huge mortality rate from the influenza epidemic of those years - there were a series of harvest failures and taxation was high in order to pay for the war against france
54
what was the emphasis on in terms of help for the poor under Mary? - the enforcement of laws against grain hoarders - there was a strong encouragement to convert pasture land to tillage - however it's very difficult to assess the success of these measures
55
what rebellion had been planned in november 1553? there were to be 4 simultaneous risings: in Devon (which would be led by edward Courtenay
earl of Devon)
## Footnote
Hertfordshire
Leicestershire and Kent - the plans leaked in january 1554
forcing the rebels into action
56
which county of those involved in the rebellion plans actually experienced a serious rising? Kent
Sir Thomas Wyatt raised a force of about 3
## Footnote
000 men
57
what were the motives of the rebels in wyatt's rebellion? - some were motivated by religion
with many of Wyatt's urban supporters coming from Maidstone
## Footnote
a protestant stronghold - xenophobia towards philip certainly motivated many - the decline in the local cloth industry might well have prompted some poorer rebels to use the revolt as a means of expressing their social and economic grievances - the rebellion seems to have attracted some gentry who had lost office within the county
58
what was clearly the main motive of wyatt's rebellion? resentment of the proposed royal marriage
especially among the rebellion's leaders
59
what caused further confusion to the rebels? - the involvement of lady Jane grey's father in the rebellion implied a desire to restore jane to the throne; other rebels would undoubtedly preferred elizabeth
60
what was an implicit objective of wyatt's rebellion? getting rid of mary
although this was never stated openly
61
what caused furthre confusion for the rebels? the involvement of Lady Jane Grey's father implied a desire to restore Jane to the throne; other rebels would undoubtedly preferred elizabeth
62
when did Wyatt's rebellion start?
25 January 1554
63
when was Norfolk's force unable to engage the rebels and forced to retreat?
28 January 1554
64
when did mary rally support with a speech at the guildhall in the city of London?
1 February 1554
65
where did Wyatt surrender?
Ludgate, on the edge of the city of london
66
why was wyatt's rebellion significant? - it showed that
although protestants were a minority their religious opinions could not be ignored - in demonstrated the extent to which there was popular suspicion of the proposed spanish marriage
- it resulted in the execution of Lady Jane Grey
an innocent victim of her father's support for the rebellion
## Footnote
their religious opinions could not be ignored - in demonstrated the extent to which there was popular suspicion of the proposed spanish marriage - it resulted in the execution of Lady Jane Grey
an innocent victim of her father's support for the rebellion
67
what happened to elizabeth after wyatt's rebellion?
- she was arrested and confined to the tower - mary was convinced that elizabeth was aware of the rebels intentions - however wyatt didn't implicate her - her interrogators Gardiner and Paget had a vested interest in not finding out the truth - gardiner because of his links with courtenary - Paget because he recognised that elizabeth was likely to one day be queen - in the end she was eventually released
68
how had Wyatt come close to success?
- he had raised - and kept - a large following - outmanouvered the duke of norfolk and came close to securing the city of london
69
how did mary and her councillors act in the face of wyatt's rebellion?
she behaved bravely and resolutely and her councillors kept their heads
## Footnote
with no important defections to the rebel cause
70
did humanism have influence in mary's reign?
- her reign showed little influence of humanism - there was no scope under marian catholicism for the expression of evangelical humanism which had been linked to religious reform - there was also very little sign of the catholic humanism which had been linked with the catholic martyrs - reginald pole's governance of the church seemed to have little influence of humanism
71
how did the catholic church want to consciously dissociate itself with humanism?
- Pope Paul IV regarded the greatest of all catholic humanist scholars erasmus
## Footnote
as a heretic - his works were placed on the Catholic Index Librorum Prohibitorum (index of prohibited books)
72
how was official religious thought in mary's reign designed?
- at a more practical level to assist the process of catholic reform at a parish level
- Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London
## Footnote
published A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine
which explained the faith at a straightforward level
and a book of homilies to replace that which had been issued by the edwardian church
73
what was pole keen to stress?
- the importance of papal supremacy which had not been an especially strong feature of pre-reformation catholicism - this was somewhat ironic given Paul IV's hostility towards him - had pole and mary survived and outlived paul IV
## Footnote
the nature of english catholicism would have developed into a very different form compared with its pre-reformation character
74
what did protestant exiles do during mary's reign ?
they sent back to england numerous publications
75
why were exiled protestants not a united group during Mary's reign?
- they were divided between those who were happy to use the 1552 prayer book as the basis for church services and those who wished to move in a more radical direction - this did not merely reflect religious discipline; it also reflected a split between those who wished to operate politically within existing structure and thoseled by john knox and christopher goodman
## Footnote
who wished to adopt a more radical appraoch involving active resistance to the regime
