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AQA A-Level Tudors > C2:HVII's Government > Flashcards

C2:HVII's Government Flashcards

1
Q

Who were elites?

A

Select groups that are considered to be superior in terms of ability, birth or qualities to the rest of society

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2
Q

Who did the king rule with?

A

A council of advisors who supported him in making key decisions

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3
Q

How many men were recorded as having attended the council during HVII’s reign?

A

227

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4
Q

How many members did Henry’s council have in practice?

A

Around 6 or 7

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5
Q

What were the 3 main functions of the Council?

A

-to advise the King -to administer the realm on the King’s behalf -to make legal judgements

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6
Q

What were the three main types of councillor?

A

-members of the nobility -churchmen -laymen

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7
Q

Why were churchmen in Henry’s council?

A

They often had legal training and were excellent administrators

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of members of the nobility who were part of Henry’s council?

A

Lord Daubeney and Dynham

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9
Q

Give 2 examples of churchmen who were part of Henry’s council?

A

John Morton and Richard Fox

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of laymen who were part of Henry’s council?

A

Sir Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley

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11
Q

What types of laymen could be a part of Henry’s council?

A

Gentry or Lawyers

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12
Q

What is a magnate?

A

A member of the higher ranks of the nobility

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13
Q

Who was John Morton?

A

A highly able Churchman and lawyer. Morton began his public career as a passionate Lancastrian, but made peace with the Yorkists to serve Edward IV, under whom he became the Bishop of Ely. However, he worked against Richard III and was promoted for his services by Henry to Archbishop of Canterbury in 1486. He also became a cardinal in 1493.

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14
Q

Who was Sir Reginald Bray?

A

Bray had been a faithful servant of Henry Tudor for a long time. He had helped Henry to raise funds before the Battle of Bosworth. Under Henry’s reign his influence was exercised through his role as a Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He also led the Council Learned in Law. Thomas Penn described him as the ‘king’s chief executive’. As such he was more powerful than most nobles.

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15
Q

What was the Duchy of Lancaster?

A

A significant body of property, mostly but not exclusively situated in Lancashire, which personally belonged to the King but was formally the territory of the Duke: HVII’s habit was to grant positions of authority within the Duchy to his most trusted servants

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16
Q

What did ‘professional’ councillors such as Bray and Dudley sometimes do?

A

They did not see themselves as courtiers so often met to deal with legal and administrative matters in London when other councillors were with the King elsewhere

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17
Q

Who is sometimes argued to be Henry’s most influential advisor?

A

His mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort

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18
Q

What was the Great Council?

A

It was a gathering of the House of Lords, meeting without the House of Commons. It had no clearly definied functions and was an occasional rather than a permanent body. It usually concered itself with issues relating to war or rebellion and was a means of binding of the nobility to key decisions relating to national security.

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19
Q

How many times did the Great Council meet during Henry’s reign?

A

5

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20
Q

What are prerogative?

A

Describes those rights or powers which the monarch could exercise without requiring consent of Parliament

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21
Q

What was the function of the Council Learned in Law?

A

To maintain the King’s revenue and to exploit his prerogative rights

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22
Q

What did the Council Learned in Law do in relation to bonds and recognisances?

A

It made the system of bonds and recognisances work so effectively and thus able to entrap many of the King’s subjects

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23
Q

Why have the workings of the Council Learned been seen as shady by historians?

A

It was not a recognised court of law and those summoned before it had no chance to appeal.

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24
Q

Who was Bray’s associate in the Council Learned?

A

Richard Empson, a fiercly ambitious lawyer and bureaucrat

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25
Who was Richard Empson joined by the Council learned following Bray's death in 1503?
Edmund Dudley
26
What is a bureaucrat?
An official in a government department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural corectness at the expense of people's needs.
27
What is an indication of just how unpopular Empson and Dudley's financial control had become in the last years of Henry's reign?
Their downfall brought rejoincing in the street
28
Who was Sir Richard Empson?
Empson was a member of the King's council from 1494. He eventually chaired the Council Learned. Closely idenitified with the increasing ruthlessness of HVII's regime. Empson was arrested shortly after the death of the king, charged with treason and executed in the following year.
29
Who was Edmund Dudley?
Dudley came to prominence following the death of Bray. Steven Gunn argues that his role was to exploit financial opportunities, which gave him opportunity to make influential enemies. He therefore became vulnerable to counter-attack as soon as he lost the King's protection. Upon Henry Tudor's death he became accountable for what had been the King's demands.
30
Why did the royal court have to be magnificent and generou
Because wealth was power
31
Who was HVII influenced by for the design of his court?
Continental examples of royal courts, particularly those of Burgundy and France
32
What is a courtier?
A person who attends a royal court as a companion or advisor to a monarch
33
What did the courtiers gain from attending the royal court?
They enjoyed paid positions or the right to receive free food. Not only was the court where advancement could be attained, it was also where the support of the king or other influential persons could be obtained, which might be useful in event of legal problems
34
What is the Chamber?
The private areas of the court; also a key department for the efficient collection of royal revenues
35
What was the Lord Chamberlain?
Also known as the Chamberlain (an experienced nobleman and member of the King's council) and a personal friend of the King; he had administrative & political power, often speaking for the monarch in an official capacity, and was also responsible for organising court ceremonies.
36
What was the Privvy Chamber?
Comprising the close personal servants of the monarch; its members had direct access to the monarch and therefore could influence him or her more directly
37
What were the main functions of Parliament?
To pass laws and grant taxation
38
What was the subsidary use of Parliament?
It could act as a means by which local issues and grievances could be passed on to the king's officials by local members of Parliament
39
What did the House of Lords compromise of?
the Lords Spiritual (bishops & abbots of major religious) and the Lords Temporal (the noblility)
40
Which of the two houses in Parliament were more important?
The House of Lords
41
What did the House of Commons compromise of?
two MPs for each county, two MPs for each borough, and representatives of the two universities.
42
Who had the right to vote?
To men of property, 'forty shilling shareholders' in the counties, although the precise voting qualifications varied in boroughs.
43
When was Henry's first Parliament?
NOV 1485- MAR 1486
44
When was Henry's last parliament?
JAN 1504- APR 1504
45
How many parliaments did Henry call in his reign?
7
46
What were Henry's early parliaments largely concerned with?
Issues of national security and the raising of revenue. For example, his first two parliaments passed numerous Acts of Attainder
47
What was extraordinary revenue?
Money raised by the King from additional sources as one-off payments when he faced an emergency or an unforeseeable expense of government; this could be made up of parliamentary grants, loans, clerical taxes
48
What were fifteenths and tenths?
Standard form of taxation, calculated in the fourteenth century, paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown
49
What were fifteeths and tenths?
standard form of taxation, calculated in the fourteenth century, paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown.
50
What was the most usual form of extraordinary revenue?
fifteenths and tenths
51
When were fractional taxes of fifteenths and tenths made?
1487, 1489-90, 1491-92 and 1497
52
How much did fractional taxes made in 1487, 1489-90, 1491-92 and 1497 yield?
£203,000
53
What did Henry's final parliament manage to do?
To limit the demand for extraordinary revenue, and received an undertaking that the king would not seek more revenue by this means.
54
Where was magnate control confined to in England?
The north
55
Who did Henry send to look after the northeast and Yorkshire after the murder of the Earl of Northumberland?
the Earl of Surrey, who was a Yorkist
56
Why was it risky sending a known supporter of Richard III to a place where there was Yorkist support?
There could be potential for a rebellion if the noble decided to turn against Henry.
57
What was a bond?
a legal document which bound an individual to another to perform an action or forfeit a specified sum of money if they failed to do so.
58
what is a recognisance?
a formal acknowledgement of a debt or other obligation which could be enforced by means of financial penalty.
59
How were JPs appointed?
they were appointed on a county-by-county
60
What did Henry rely on the JPs to do?
To maintain law and order in the countryside
61
How often did JPs meet?
four times a year
62
Why did JPs carry out their tasks?
either out of a sense of duty or because they perceived that doing so might open the path to greater advancement or local prestige.
63
What were the JPs responsible for?
- tax assessments - alehouse regulation - the investigation of complaints against local officials - the maintenance of law and order.
64
What was one of the main ways Henry restored law and order?
By forcing many of his subjects to take out bonds and recognisances.
65
Why could the system of bonds and recognisances be seen as morally dubious?
he used bonds to enforce order and obedience, and defeat the law, a system which can be regarded as morally dubious.
66
What were the areas of jurisdiction for church courts?
- Church administration - Offences committed by the clergy - Proving of wills - Issues relating to marriage - 'Moral' offences
67
What were the areas of jurisdiction for manor courts?
- Landholding - Rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants - Use of common land - Responsibilities for drainage and land issues
68
What were the areas of jurisdiction for borough courts?
- Medieval trading standards - Specific judicial rights granted by royal charter
69
What were the areas of jurisdiction for the King's courts at county level?
- Assizes - Quater sessions - Special commissions
70
What were the areas of jurisdiction for the King's common law courts?
- King's bench - Common pleas - Exchequer
71
What were the areas of jurisdiction for the Chancery and other equity courts?
Exercised jurisdiction on the basis of equity rather than on a strict reading of the common law.
72
What were the sources of royal income?
- Crown lands - profits from feudal dues and the exercise of the royal prerogative - customs revenue - pensions from other powers - profits of justice - extraordinary revenue
73
What was the income from crown lands at the beginning of henry's reign?
about £12,000 a year
74
Why was Henry's income from crown lands so low at the beginning of his reign?
Because the income from lands was collected by the inefficient Court of Exchequer
75
When did Henry decide to revert to Edward's system of administration through the chamber?
probably in 1492
76
What was Henry's income from crown lands at the end of his reign?
£42,000
77
who was the increase in income from crown lands partly achieved by?
effective treasurers of the chamber, such as Sir Thomas Lovell and Sir John Heron.
78
What is a wardship?
an aspect of the feudal system which enabled the crown to gain the profits from property held by a minor.
79
What is a feudal aid?
a right by which the Crown could impose a tax on their tenants for the knighting of the eldest son, the marriage of the eldest daughter or to ransom a lord; this was typical of the skilful way in which Henry revived old forms of raising revenue, much to the irritation of landowners.
80
What is a statute of use?
a law passed to prevent a landed property from being turned into trusts which in modern terms were mechanism for avoiding paying tax on a deceased person's estate.
81
What did the Statute of Uses of 1489 do?
cut a potential loophole for avoidance of the charge
82
What was the increase in revenue from customs revenue during Henry's reign?
from £34,000 to £38,000
83
What were the other sources of revenue?
- customs revenue - pensions from other powers - profits of justice - Extraordinary revenue
84
What did the French agree to do at the treaty of Etaples?
To pay Henry a pension of £5000 per annum
85
When was the treaty of Etaples?
1492
86
what were profits of justice?
this included fines and income from bonds. Bonds represented a potential rather than an actual asset. For example, between 1504 and 1507 a total of at least £200,000 was promised to the king, though not all was collected.
87
How much did Henry receive from extraordinary revenue taxation?
over £400,000
88
What happened in 1489 when Parliament granted Henry a subsidy of £75,000?
the Convocation of Canterbury offered £25,000 on behalf of the clergy.
89
How much was the plate and jewels left by Henry worth?
£300,000
90
How much cash did Henry leave?
£10,000
91
Who were the main victims of Henry's policies?
the nation's landowners

AQA A-Level Tudors (16 decks)

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