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AQA A-Level Tudors > Tudors__C12_ Religion, Ideas and Reform > Flashcards

Tudors__C12_ Religion, Ideas and Reform Flashcards

1
Q

What is Erasmianism?

A

The body of ideas associated with Erasmus and his followers.

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2
Q

Who were the Oxford reformers?

A

Men such as Grocyn, Linacre, and Colet who were among the first English scholars to adopt humanist ideas and approaches.

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3
Q

Who was the most significant humanist voice in English education?

A

John Colet.

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4
Q

How did Colet show his initiative in his refounding of St Paul’s School, London?

A

Firstly, he appointed as the school’s governors members drawn from a city guild rather than choosing clergymen. Secondly, the school’s statutes laid down a curriculum, including some works by Erasmus, and teaching methods derived from humanist principles. He reinforced the type of school he envisaged by appointing William Lily (a humanist) as head.

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5
Q

How did Cardinal Wolsey give his personal commitment to educational improvement?

A

By founding his college and also a school in his hometown of Ipswich.

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6
Q

What schools were at the forefront of educational reform?

A

Schools like St Paul’s and Magdalen College, Oxford, firmly adopted Platonist educational principles.

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7
Q

What does Platonism refer to?

A

The ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato; interest in his ideas had been revived in fifteenth century Florence and had then spread around much of Europe.

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8
Q

How was Erasmus received in English intellectual circles?

A

With enthusiasm; he was a friend of Fisher and More and he had some influence on a younger generation of English humanists.

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9
Q

Why is it important not to exaggerate the scope of Erasmian humanism?

A

Its scope was quite limited and much of the change that took place stemmed from the influence of new religious thinking rather than simply scholarly Renaissance humanism.

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10
Q

Why did more signs of the influence of Renaissance ideas on English culture appear in Henry VIII’s reign?

A
  • Knowledge of classical learning increased amongst the elite groups in society.
  • A growing number of schools became influenced by humanist approaches to education.
  • Henry VIII saw himself as a promoter of new ideas and of humanism.
  • The crown needed well-educated diplomats who could communicate with their counterparts in other countries in a fashionably elegant style.
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11
Q

Who was the most important English humanist writer?

A

Thomas More.

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12
Q

Which other English writers also demonstrated humanist influences?

A

Thomas Lupset and Thomas Starkey.

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13
Q

What shows how Renaissance ideas also had influence on visual culture?

A

Henry VIII commissioned the Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiano to produce the tombs of his parents and of his grandmother, Lady Margaret Beaufort.

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14
Q

Who was the best known painter at court?

A

Hans Holbein.

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15
Q

What is evidence that Henry was more conservative in his building tastes than Wolsey?

A

Surviving evidence of Henry’s building programmes show a continuing taste for the gothic, whereas Wolsey’s Hampton Court clearly exhibited more classical influence.

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16
Q

What was the most distinctive influence on music?

A

Flemish.

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17
Q

What is evident across the cultural range?

A

That while Italian Renaissance influences were becoming more fashionable, England’s main cultural links reflected the close commercial ties which existed between England and the Low Countries.

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18
Q

What did Henry VIII do between 1532 and 1540?

A
  • He withdrew the church from the jurisdiction of the papacy.
  • Established the king as supreme head of the church.
  • Dissolved the monasteries.
  • Began to alter the church’s doctrine and practices.
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19
Q

What offences involving corruption were associated with the church?

A
  • Pluralism.
  • Simony.
  • Non-residence.
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20
Q

What was pluralism?

A

Receiving the profits of more than one post.

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21
Q

What is simony?

A

The purchase of church office.

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22
Q

What is non-residence?

A

Receiving the profits of a post but not being present to perform the duties associated with it.

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23
Q

What is the best example of a corrupt clergyman?

A

Cardinal Wolsey.

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24
Q

What is anticlericalism?

A

Opposition to the social and political importance of the Clergy.

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25
What examples of legal opposition to the Clergy were there?
Some common lawyers objected to the influence of canon law, and there were objections to the legal privileges of the clergy.
26
What is canon law?
The law of the church.
27
What is an example of clerical misconduct which caused considerable criticism?
The murder of Richard Hunne.
28
What was the murder of Richard Hunne?
Hunne, a London merchant, was found dead in his cell in the bishop of London's prison. He had died in a torture attempt that had gone wrong and it had been dressed up as a suicide.
29
What was the impact of the murder of Richard Hunne?
It was disastrous for the short term reputation of the church. But the time which had elapsed between the case and the start of the break with Rome suggests that by then it was much less likely to have been at the forefront of the minds of critics of the church.
30
What was the Supplication of the Beggars?
A book written by Simon Fish (an early English Protestant convert) in 1529 which was dedicated to Henry VIII. It was a vicious and powerful attack on many aspects of the Catholic Church, which was portrayed in exaggerated terms as being greedy, corrupt, and treacherous.
31
What did Christopher Haigh conclude about anticlericalism?
It was less a cause but rather more of a consequence of the Reformation.
32
What precedents for dissolving the monasteries already existed by the 1530s?
Wolsey had secured the dissolution of around 20 houses in the 1520s to fund the establishment of Cardinal College, Oxford.
33
What supports the argument that some historians put forward about monasticism being a relic of a bygone age?
The speed at which they were eventually dissolved.
34
What monastic orders were flourishing right up to the final days of the dissolution?
Observant Franciscans and Bridgettines.
35
What evidence is there for early English Protestantism?
Not a lot; at an intellectual level there was a nucleus of future reformers based in Cambridge in the 1520s who met for religious discussions at the White Horse.
36
Why is the evidence for the argument that the years from 1529 showed a group of humanists trying to shape royal policy slender?
The two most influential humanists in royal circles, Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher, paid for it with their lives.
37
What is an example of a reformer having humanist connections?
Archbishop Cranmer.
38
What is an example of people going along with reforms to maintain their lives and positions?
Bishops Gardiner and Tunstall.
39
What is evidence that a humanist approach to reform persisted during the final years of Henry's reign?
Cranmer continued to enjoy the king's favour and the king turned to humanist scholars to be the tutors for his son and Princess Elizabeth.
40
What were the changes to the structure of the church during Henry's reign?
- King becomes supreme head of the church. - King appoints Cromwell Vicegerent Spirituals, 1534. - Six new dioceses were created, although one was soon abolished.
41
What was the significance of the King becoming supreme head of the church?
This was confirmed by the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The act did not confer the supremacy on the king. This meant the king now replaced the pope, changing centuries of tradition.
42
What was the significance of Cromwell being appointed Vicegerent Spirituals in 1534?
Cromwell was second only to the king and therefore outranked the bishops and archbishops. This gave Cromwell considerable power over the church. The post, however, died with him.
43
How did the Church of England differ from reformed churches in continental Europe?
Spiritual jurisdiction continued in the hands of archbishops and bishops.
44
When was the compilation of Valor Ecclesiasticus?
1535.
45
When did the 'visitations' to monasteries start?
1535.
46
When was the act to dissolve the smaller monasteries?
1536.
47
When was the act to dissolve the remaining monasteries?
1539.
48
When were all religious houses dissolved?
1540.
49
When can the process of the dissolution of the monasteries be traced back to?
The compilation of Valor Ecclesiasticus in 1535.
50
What was the purpose of the compilation of Valor Ecclesiasticus?
To discover exactly how wealthy the church was. This gave Cromwell a broadly accurate indication of the resources which were available for the crown to plunder.
51
What was the next stage in the dissolution of the monasteries after the compilation of Valor Ecclesiasticus?
Amassing the evidence which could be used to justify dissolving the monasteries. Accordingly, four 'visitors' were sent around the country to inspect all the monastic institutions.
52
What did the visitors find?
They found much to criticise, although they had clearly been instructed to find evidence of weakness and corruption.
53
What did the most fair-minded of visitors, Tregonwell, often mix his criticism with?
Praise for the holiness and conscientiousness of those whom he was inspecting.
54
What did the visitors provide Cromwell with?
Enough evidence to justify bringing in an act of parliament in 1536 to dissolve the smaller monasteries, defined as those with an income of under £200 per annum.
55
How was the act dissolving the smaller monasteries presented?
As a mechanism for preserving and improving the quality of monasticism, the argument being that it was the smaller religious houses which had allowed standards to slip.
56
Why did the scope of dissolution widen after the Pilgrimage of Grace?
The heads of religious houses who had been implicated in the rebellion voluntarily surrendered to the crown.
57
By when had all of the remaining religious houses been dissolved?
1540.
58
When was the first set of royal injunctions?
1536.
59
When was the second set of royal injunctions?
1538.
60
When was the first edition of the Great Bible?
1539.
61
When was the act for the advancement of true religion?
1543.
62
How did the attack on traditional religious practices begin?
The first set of royal injunctions which placed a restriction on the number of holy days which could be observed and discouraged pilgrimages.
63
How was the attack on traditional religious practices taken further by the second set of royal injunctions?
- Pilgrimages and veneration of relics and images were condemned as 'works devised by men's fantasies'. - Clergy who had upheld the virtues of pilgrimages, relics, and images were required to publicly recant.
64
What does veneration mean?
The honouring with awe and reverence of a religious object.
65
What did the injunctions of 1538 also require each parish church to do?
To acquire an English Bible and encourage 'every person to read the same, as that which is the lively word of God, that every Christian man is bound to embrace.'
66
What did the title page of the first edition of the Great Bible depict?
Henry VIII graciously 'offering' the word of God on the one hand to Cranmer and his bishops and on the other to Cromwell and other politicians.
67
Why did Henry pass the act for the advancement of true religion?
He had become fearful of allowing the wrong sorts of people to read the wrong parts of the Bible.
68
What did the act for the advancement of true religion do?
Restricted the reading of the Bible to upper-class males.
69
What Protestant beliefs were introduced?
- Justification by faith. - Consubstantiation.
70
What is justification by faith?
The belief that a person can achieve grace by faith alone, regardless of good works.
71
What is consubstantiation?
The belief that the bread and wine of the Eucharist are spiritually the body and blood of Christ without physically becoming so at the point of consecration.
72
What did the 1536 Ten Articles do?
- Only three sacraments, baptism, penance, and Eucharist, were seen as necessary to salvation (Lutheran) but the definition of Eucharist was ambiguous. - Confession (Catholic) was praised. - Praying to saints for remission of sins was rejected (Lutheran) but praying to saints for other purposes was still deemed 'laudable.'
73
What was the significance of the Ten Articles?
This was an ambiguous document which showed both Lutheran and Catholic influences on the development of doctrine.
74
What did the 1537 Bishops' Book do?
Restored the four sacraments omitted from the Ten Articles, but the four restored sacraments were given a lower status.
75
What was the significance of the 1537 Bishops' Book?
More conservative document than the Ten Articles.
76
What did the 1539 Six Articles Act do?
Reasserted Catholic doctrine. Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical.
77
What was the significance of the 1539 Six Articles Act?
It was a triumph for the conservatives. It was founded on the assumption that there had been too much religious controversy and that this undermined the good ordering of society. Two reforming bishops resigned their posts.
78
What did the 1543 King's Book do?
Revised the Bishops' Book.
79
What was the significance of the 1543 King's Book?
The emphasis was largely conservative, but with some Lutheran hints.
80
When were the Ten Articles?
1536.
81
When was the Bishops' Book?
1537.
82
When was the Six Articles Act?
1539.
83
When was the King's Book?
1543.
84
What aspects of the church in 1547 would have been familiar to someone alive at the start of Henry's reign?
- The hierarchy of the church remained largely intact. - There had been little attempt to alter the interior of the churches. - Services remained largely traditional in form. - Services were in Latin and music continued to play an important role.
85
What weakened the cause for religious reform?
The Six Articles Act and the fall of Cromwell.
86
What had changed in the church by 1547?
- The jurisdiction of the pope had been destroyed. - The monasteries had been dissolved. - There had been massive transfer of resources from the church to the crown through the dissolution. - Parish churches were required to possess Bibles in English. - Religious culture had been influenced by humanism.
87
What showed how diverse humanist influence had become?
The undoubted humanism of Catholic martyrs like More and Fisher.

AQA A-Level Tudors (16 decks)

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