Tudors Chapter 1 - Changes @ Centre Flashcards
Outline aspects of Henry VII’s Household.
Created personal bodyguards - Yeomen of the Guard.
Stored royal income in Privy Chamber.
Outline aspects of Henry VIII’s Household.
Made up of most trusted friends.
From 1518, staff known as Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.
Control of dry stamp from 1540s.
What did David Starkey say about the Privy Chamber under Henry VIII?
It became a political hub.
How was the dry stamp exploited in 1547?
Seymour’s faction used it to alter H8’s will, becoming E6’s protector following H8’s death.
Who were the staff of Mary’s Privy Chambers?
Give an example.
Were often wives of male household members.
Frances Jerningham - wife of the Captain of the Guard.
How did Mary limit manipulation within the Privy Chamber?
She kept the dry stamp under lock and key.
How did the Privy Chamber decline in importance under Elizabeth I?
1559 reforms - members of Household were Councillors - decisions made through formal channels.
How was E1’s household similar to M1’s?
She appointed wives of Councillors, such as the Earl of Leicester.
Outline the nature of Henry VII’s council.
200 men, including 42 ex-Yorkists.
Held 5 Great Councils to suggest he listened to all nobles.
How did H7 manipulate his council in the 1490s?
1492 - already wanted to end French invasion, yet made nobles sign document to suggest he listened to them.
Why did Wolsey rise to prominence in Henry VIII’s council?
H8 wanted to be a warrior king.
Wolsey would provide this opportunity, unlike traditional councillors such as William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury.
What was membership of the Council in 1520s?
Around 40.
What were the Eltham Ordinances?
1526 - Wolsey tried to shrink council down to under 20 members to increase his influence.
Failed, though plans similar to Privy Council.
What did GR Elton think of the Council reforms 1540?
Felt it occurred in 1536, as Cromwell consciously aimed to modernise govt.
What did John Guy think of the Council Reforms 1540?
Felt PofG triggered emergency 1536 response.
Permanent reform occurred following Cromwell’s fall 1540.
What did the 1540 reform of the Privy Council do?
Collective responsibility; Council became own chief minister; 19 members; issue collective proclamations in monarch’s name.
How did the Council’s role change under Edward VI and Somerset?
Somerset bypassed the Council using the Household, e.g. Groom of the Stool, Sir Michael Stanhope, controlled the dry stamp.
How did the role and membership of the Council change under Edward VI post-Somerset?
Warwick was a Councillor when he rebelled in 1549 - he reasserted Council’s importance as he needed noble support following revolt. Thus membership rose to 31.
How did the Council change under Mary I?
50 members to be inclusive, yet only 8 attended more than 50% of meetings.
Had own seal, but didn’t override dry stamp.
Council seen to serve England, rather than being private servants to monarch.
How did the role of the Council change under Elizabeth?
1559-1603, membership dropped from 19 to 13.
Traveled with E1 on progresses.
Work expanded as control in localities grew.
Which fact best shows how the Council grew in importance?
1520s-60s, Council met x3-4 a week.
1590s, at least once a day.
Outline the role of secretary pre-1540.
Richard Foxe, Councillor 1485-87.
Cromwell manipulated position to become Chief Minister - controlled Council meetings and knew H8’s daily business.
What happened to the secretary post-Cromwell?
Split between two men - Wriothesley and Sadler - workload increased.
Who were E1’s more significant secretaries 1558-90?
William Cecil 1558-72 - trusted advisor.
Francis Walsingham 1573-90- spymaster.
When was there a period of no secretary?
1590-96, following Walsingham’s death?
How did Robert Cecil use secretary role to gain power?
1596 - controlled distribution of patronage to undermine Essex’s powerbase.
What was the primitive LL system under H8?
1512, 1536, 1545 - commissioned nobles to recruit local militia for defences against France, PofG, and Scotland.
How were there LLs under E6?
1549 - Northumberland appoints Lieutenants to deal with unrest across country - policing and military role.
What was the LL system under M1?
1557 - created 10 lieutenancies, yet ended when French threat stopped.
Why did the LL system become permanent?
1585, War with Spain - appointed to each county in charge of war effort.
What was the role of LLs under E1?
Local officials forced to obey LLs.
Many Councillors were LLs.
Crown’s control in localities increased.
Which counties in the 1590s refused the LL system?
Suffolk and Wiltshire
Outline H7’s use of Parliament.
Passed Acts of Attainder to secure rule, NOT grant it.
x7 in 24 years - had to accept smaller sum for taxation in 1504.
What was the significance of the Church for Henry VII?
He needed people to believe he held God’s support on the throne as a usurper with weak claim.
What proves H7 had good relations with the Pope?
The Pope appointed H7’s choice for Arch of Cant, John Morton.
Outline key events of Parliament pre-Reformation under Henry VIII.
Called four times 1509-1523.
Wolsey denied taxation 1523, a result of Thomas More’s speech which requested freedom of speech in Parliament.
Why was Henry VIII in good relations with Pope pre-1529?
He himself wasn’t a Lutheran.
Wolsey = Cardinal.
What was the impact of the Hunne Affair?
1515 - anticlericalism. Parliament began criticising corruption of the Church.
Outline some abuses of the Church.
Indulgences, benefit of clergy, sanctuary, sale of offices, pluralism.
When was Cromwell made Chief Minister?
1532
When and what was the Act for the Submission of Clergy?
1532 - Convocation needed a license.
When and what was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
1533 - created statute law - stopped legal cases going to Rome.
When was the 1st Act of Supremacy?
1534
When were the Treason and Succession Acts?
1534
When was the Dissolution of Monasteries - why significant?
1536 - provided lots of money (£1.3 million) and land - could be redistributed to Nobles who supported Royal Supremacy.
Who created the Act of 10 Articles and when?
Cromwell, 1536, redefined Church doctrine.
How did Henry eventually demonstrate his ultimate commitment to Catholicism?
1539 - Act of 6 Articles.
1543 - King’s Book published.
How did the Church change under Edward VI?
Thomas Cranmer = Archbishop of Canterbury.
1549 and 52 Prayer Books - doctrine of C/E fundamentally altered/more Protestant.
How did M1 impact the Church during her reign?
1554 - repeals supremacy act, though due to death in 1558 this was short-lived.
When did Mary I face revolt and how?
1555 - when she wanted to reclaim all monastic lands, Sir Anthony Kingston locked all her supporters out of Parliament - M1 therefore lost the vote.
What were the two bills in E1’s via media?
Bill for Supremacy
Bill for Uniformity
What title did E1 gain as part of her Supremacy Act/
‘Supreme Governor’ of the Church of England
By what margin did the Uniformity Bill pass in the House of Lords?
21 to 18
Who of Mary’s bishops didn’t refuse to swear the Oath of Supremacy?
The Bishop of Llandaff
Give an example of someone who replaced the bishops who lost their posts due to the Oath of Supremacy.
Matthew Parker made Archbishop of Canterbury - held strong Protestant sympathies.
When was the 39 Articles?
1563
What was the significance of the 39 Articles?
E1 forced to intervene in Convocation - blocked the passing of an Article denying the real presence, something only accepted by Puritan Protestants.
Royal intervention in church affairs unthinkable pre-1534.
When did Matthew Parker release the ‘Book of Advertisements’ and what was the response?
1566 - 37 (more Puritan) London clergy resigned in protest.
When and why was Edmund Grindal suspended as Archbishop of Canterbury?
1577 - too sympathetic to the Puritanical ‘prophesyings’.
When and why were Parliament allowed to debate E1’s marriage and the succession?
1566 - Council allowed it in return for Parliament granting a tax.
When and why were Wentworth and Cope imprisoned?
1587 - attempted to pass a bill in Parliament that removed the C/E hierarchy, changing E1’s settlement.
Why was Wentworth imprisoned for one month in 1576?
He made a speech in Parliament attacking E1’s suppression of discussions in Parliament.
When and what was the Act of Seditious Sectaries?
1593 - made all recusants leave country as they were seen as a threat to the settlement.
What was the major concern of the Parliament of 1597?
Elizabeth’s selling of monopolies - system appeared corrupt.
How many MPs of the 1601 Parliament were lawyers; why was this important?
253 - they found legal issues with monopolies.
When was Eliazabeth’s ‘Golden Speech’; why important?
1601 - appeared gracious yet conceded very little to Parliament - retained ultimate power.
How did membership Parliament change throughout the 16th Century?
1512 = 302 MPs; 1586 = 462 MPs.
How did the Council come to use Parliament during Elizabeth’s reign?
They would use it to place pressure on E1 to make decisions.
