TUDOR Section C

Question 1

Drake-Norris expedition 1589: What was the aim? Why did it fail? What were the consequences of this failure?

Answer 1

AIM: After the Armada was defeated, Eli wanted to destroy the weakened Spanish fleets expedition of 1589

FAILED BECAUSE: they seized port called A Coruna for the flex which alerted Spain to the threat so they reinforced Lisbon.

CONSEQUENCES: This strengthened Spain and their failure to intercept the new World meant Philip had the resources to build ‘Twelve Apostles’ which were twice the size of England’s biggest ships.

Question 2

Naval blockades: What was the aim? Why did it fail? What were the consequences of this failure?

Answer 2

AIM: Queen ordered naval blockades in an attempt to protect England before Twelve Apostles were complete.

FAILED BECAUSE: Privateers disrupted Spanish convoy so much that it didn’t sail during 1590.

CONSEQUENCES: Overall, this failure was bad for Eli as Fortescue argues since the queen couldn’t lead an army, she could not insure national security.
Despite this, English privateers were still active (i.e.) £400K of Spanish good in a few years. This was good for finances as these goods were taxed.

Question 3

What were the stages of the war with Spain?

Answer 3

1. 1589-91- naval attacks on Spanish fleets to force end to war.
2. Failure of this led to no more offensive campaigns, but privateers continued.
3. 1595-97- fights against Spain again (i.e.) Panama, Cadiz, Islands Voyage.
4. 1597-1603- focused way more on Ireland.

Question 4

Panama 1595: What was the aim? Why did it fail? What were the consequences of this failure?

Answer 4

AIM: Take Panama from Spanish as it was of great importance to them in the New World as it connected their colonies in South America to Caribbean.

FAILED BECAUSE: Fleet too big to keep secret and so Spanish sent reinforcements to Puerto Rico.

CONSEQUENCES: Hawkins and Drake oofed.

Question 5

Cadiz 1596: What was Essex trying to do with this ting?

Answer 5

Essex raided Cadiz and sunk two Twelves Apostles to encourage Eli to attack Spain more.

Question 6

Island Voyage 1597: What was the aim? Why did it fail?

Answer 6

AIM: Smaller fleets trying to seize Spanish treasure.

FAILED BECAUSE: Lack of strategy. Once these fleets were away, there was little defence when Spain tried to capture Falmouth, luckily the storms prevented Spanish from landing.

Question 7

Why did Elizabeth end war with Spain and was it left on a strong note?

Answer 7

Eli couldn’t afford to keep fighting, and although there wasnt peace with Spain, she had drained their resources.

Question 8

War in France: why did Elizabeth get involved? Was it worth it?

Answer 8

English troops were also fighting in France as Protestant Henry of Navarre declared himself king of France. Catholics protested and Spain backed them. Eli didn’t want Catholic France and Spain to ally against her so she sent troops and money to Navarre.
However, this money may have been a waste; Navarre mistreated English troops and so there is risk he didn’t actually care about England’s security, and wouldn’t have defended England.

Question 9

What was the significance of Spain’s siege on Ostend?

Answer 9

BAD for England as it was the only Anglo-Dutch port left, and crucial for sending England troops.
But also GOOD because it drained Spanish resources.

Question 10

Why did Ireland hold resentment against England?

Answer 10

Ireland were getting a bit pissy as they did not see the point in Anglo-Irish connection anymore- no benefits and high taxes.

Question 11

What was Sir Henry Bagenal’s attempt of controlling Ireland?

Answer 11

Sir Henry Bagenal did a shit job. Battle of Yellow Ford- troops were ambushed and he got shot in the head.

Question 12

What was Essex’s attempt of controlling Ireland?

Answer 12

Brought with him an army of 17k (biggest of Eli’s reign!). Restored English control in southern Ireland which put the PC at ease as they were afraid a Spanish attack could launch from there, however the only downside is that it weakened Essex’s forces.
Then, at Eli’s request, he attacked Ulster, but lost, and agreed to new truce and returned to England against her demand.

Question 13

What was Mountjoy’s attempt of controlling Ireland?

Answer 13

Surrounded Ulster with forts, destroying their crops. Then he defeated the rebels at Kinscale and forced commander of Spanish forces in Ireland to surrender. Then, English blockaded Irish ports to deduce troops sent in from Spain (i.e.) only 80 in Dec

Question 14

What were the consequences of the campaign in Ireland?

Answer 14

Massive cost- £1.9 MILLION!!! Mainly from Mountjoy’s campaign as they couldn’t eat Irish food as they’d destroyed it.
Also, pardoned Tyrone for Anglo-Irish peace, and Treaty of Mellifont gave Tyrone most of his land back.

Question 15

How did the structure to the PC change at the end of E’s reign?

Answer 15

Became smaller after some key figures such as Walsingham and Dudley died, and so the influence of each PC became bigger.

Question 16

What the relationship like between Burghley and Essex?

Answer 16

Essex and Burghley conflicted over different things:
Religion- Essex tolerated Catholics and Puritan as long as they were loyal to Eli. Burghley thought they were all dangerous and shouldnt be tolerated.
Queen- Essex disobeyed (i.e.) went on Drake-Norris expedition despite being forbidden not to, or coming back from Ireland.

This being said, they did get along sometimes as they had mutual trust. Also, Essex didn’t have maybe higher ranked friends, and Burghley used Essex’s influence to achieve objectives.

Question 17

What were the conflicts between Essex and the Cecils?

Answer 17

New attorney general led to problems- Essex wanted Francis Bacon, and initially so did Burghley, but the latter ended up supporting Edward Coke, who then got appointed.

When Essex won at Cadiz-arrogant and turned Cadiz into English Garrison for a bigger campaign than Eli had authorised for. This meant Cecil got Secretary of State rather than Essex.

Relations got worse between 1597-99 due to Island Voyage-knocked Essex’s reputation.

The Ireland campaign led to more issues as Essex wanted more troops than Cecil was willing to authorise, and Essex felt Cecil was against him.

Question 18

How did Essex make the situation worse for himself?

Answer 18

When Essex won at Cadiz-arrogant and turned Cadiz into English Garrison for a bigger campaign than Eli had authorised for. This meant Cecil got Secretary of State rather than Essex.

Relations got worse between 1597-99 due to Island Voyage-knocked Essex’s reputation.

Essex disobeyed Elizabeth in Ireland as he made a truce with Irish and returned. Then 1601 rebellion.

Question 19

Who were the potential candidates for the succession?

Answer 19

James VI and Arabella Stuart

Question 20

What’s evidence that people were stressed about the succession?

Answer 20

Lopez Plot by Eli’s physician, caught trying to poison her.

Question 21

What happened with Essex’s revolt 1601? Why did it fail? What were the consequences?

Answer 21

Thought Cecil was evil and had a scheme to put Spanish Infanta on throne/ make peace with Spain for his own gain.
Made truce with Tyrone, went down to court, imprisoned.
Heard peace negotiations with Spain were beginning so he wrote to James, who sent an ambassador down to discuss plot.
However, the rising was too small (only 200 men). Also, Cecil discovered plans and used propaganda to call Essex a traitor by the time he got to London. Arrested, imprisoned and beheaded.
Consequences of this was that Cecil was now in charge of succession, and Gov used this to discredit Catholics (as Essex had conspired with them)

Question 22

What are the conclusions of the threat of factions and the succession issue?

Answer 22

Relations between Essex and Burghley were alright tbh.
Essex’s revolt came at a time when there were already lots of threats, however it was put down easily.
Succession issue created anxiety, but when MQoS got beheaded, there were no more serious plots to remove Eli in her last decade, as there was no longer a clear successor.
Cecil created a smooth transition.

Question 23

What was Elizabeth’ relationship with parliament?

Answer 23

Eli was dependent on parliament as she needed it for taxes, and so when she went she was under the obligation to listen to Mps advice and grievances.

As Eli was a woman, parl felt the need to supply her with wisdom on topics such as warfare.

Question 24

What is evidence that Elizabeth did have authority over parliament?

Answer 24

1. prorogue parliaments

2. Eli could vetobills, and did with 72 times.

Question 25

What were Elizabeth’s way of managing parliament?

Answer 25

Parliament speeches to appeal to common interest of her subjects (i.e.) anti-cath and anti-Spain when she needed money to cover cost after Armada.

Privy council could argue Eli’s case in parl (i.e.) Burghley justified why Triple subsidy was needed.

Patronage which she could reward supporters with, and refused to support haters (i.e.) Bacon wasn’t attorney general as he criticised Triple Subsidy.

Question 26

How educated was parliament? How did this increase their power?

Answer 26

MPs were becoming more educated (i.e.) by 1593, over half had gone to uni. This meant parl became more powerful as they could draft legislation, debate and propose laws.

Question 27

What was the problem with established taxes?

Answer 27

Decrease in established taxes as they were being assessed locally without government supervision, so people underrated their wealth so they could pay less tax (i.e.) by 1593, gone from 140k to 80k, which was especially bad with expensive wars. Led to increase in the request of taxation from parliament.

Question 28

Describe the subsidy sitch.

Answer 28

To support war against Spain in France, Burghley proposed Triple Subsidy, Bacon said it was too much of a burden on the poor though. Compromise to pay it over 4 years , and this pleased both gov (as they got subsidy) and commons (as they felt in control) Graves argues it as the most “serious confrontation of the reign”
The subsidy was still a bit of a problem in 1601 as they needed additional 300k to keep fighting, so quadruple subsidy was proposed. During 1590s, England taxed most highly in Tudor times.

Question 29

What was the problem with monopolies and how did Elizabeth deal with it?

Answer 29

Monopolies were a problem as monopolists could demand whatever they wanted, so this was bad for necessities.
Based on royal prerogative so nothing could be done. Eli said in parl that she’d look into them as everyone was getting a bit pissy, but she never did and even gave out more.
MPs were fuming so much Cecil couldn’t control everyone.

So, Eli gave golden speech to Mps in a meeting. Announced she’d end the worst monopolies (12), and states their right to take unjust monopolies to court. She won back their loyalty.

Question 30

What was a historians comment on the subsidy sitch?

Answer 30

Graves argues it as the most “serious confrontation of the reign”

Question 31

How was bad harvests adding to the poor’s suffering?

Answer 31

There were lots of bad harvests which led to higher mortality rate among the poor (i.e.) in 1596, males 26% higher than in 1580s. This was not necessary due to starvation, but malnutrition led to a greater chance of catching diseases and eating rotten foods. Worst affected areas was the north of England. Kent was also especially badly affected as it needed to also pay for coastal defence.

Question 32

What was the population increase over the 16th century and how did this add to the poor’s suffering?

Answer 32

35%.

Higher demand and more food to have to go round.

Question 33

Give evidence that poverty increased over the end of the 16th century.

Answer 33

In the 1590s, poverty had increased by six-fold.

Question 34

Give evidence that the situation worse in London.

Answer 34

At least 16% were living in poverty in London (1590s)

Food price was 25% higher than in other areas.

Question 35

In what ways did the poor revolt?

Answer 35

Oxfordshire rebellion.

Within the 1590s, crime rates were rising every year (as was grain price, and by the end had doubled in price!)

Disturbances nearly every week in London

In Kent, there was a rebellion in 1595 which started with 20 WOMEN stealing corn.

Military mutinies- economic factors were a significant cause as soldiers were only given ‘lendings’ weekly, and full pay at the end of the campaign. Therefore soldiers had to live on extremely limited rations. Chester experienced many mutinies as it was an important base for troops on their way to Ireland.

Seditions towards E and London major John Spencer who said he was working with ‘aliens’ to deprive Londoners of food. Gallows were set up outside his house to show the public’s hatred for him.

Question 36

What were the compromises made by the government towards the poor?

Answer 36

1598 Act gave overseers authority to collect ‘poor rate’- a compulsory contribution from everyone in the parish.

Forced children of labouring poor into apprenticeships, which helped kids and parents as they didn’t have to provide for kids.

Sold wheat and bread below market price.

PC encouraged rich to fast at least one day a week.

Question 37

What were the harsh punishments given to control the poor?

Answer 37

For sedition, ears cut off or even execution. Failure to report seditious speech was criminalised.

Vagrant poor whipped to work or forced them to leave town.