Luther and the German Reformation 1515-1555 Flashcards
1
Q
What were the three estates which states were catorgorised into?
A
The First Estate, The Second Estate, The Third Estate.
2
Q
Who ran the First Estates?
A
The 7 Elector Princes
3
Q
Who ran the Second Estates?
A
Non-Elector Princes
4
Q
Who ran the Third Estates?
A
Imperial free cities
5
Q
Who were the three ecclesiastical Electors?
A
Archbishop of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne
6
Q
Who were the four lay Electors?
A
King of Bohemia, Elector of Saxony, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Margrave of Brandenburg.
7
Q
What was the job of the 7 Electors, led by Mainz?
A
Choose Holy Roman Emperor
8
Q
What was the Imperial Diet made up of?
A
3 chambers corresponding to the three estates.
9
Q
What did the Golden Bull 1356 state?
A
- Only the three ecclesiastical electors were under control of the church.
- Four main electors cant divide land (constant power)
- Rebellion against Electors is treason.
10
Q
How was German Nationalism a change occuring in the Holy Roman Empire?
A
There was a growing consciousness of the German Nation, and it was becoming the language of law and business. In 1486, it was renamed ‘The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation’
11
Q
How was the Ottoman Empire a change occuring in the Holy Roman Empire?
A
Ottoman Empire was expanding. For example, 1526- they won battle of Mohacs which gave them rule over Hungary.
12
Q
How was the growing criticisms of the Pope a change occuring in the Holy Roman Empire?
A
People resented harsh demands such as church tax, and since the Pope was Italian, it felt like the country was being run by a foreigner.
13
Q
When was the Imperial Election?
A
1519
14
Q
Why did the Imperial Election 1519 occur?
A
Emperor Maximilian died leaving no German successors.
15
Q
Who were the three candidates for the Imperial Election 1519?
A
Charles V, Duke of Burgundy and King of Spain
Francais I King of France
Henry VIII… well, you know who this is ;)
16
Q
What war was caused by the candidates of the Imperial Election 1519 and how did it happen?
A
Habsburg-Valois War c
Caused by Charles V and Francis I, because they were both bribing the Electors.
17
Q
Which electors were anti- Habsburg regarding the Imperial Election 1519?
A
Elector Count Palatine of the Rhine and Elector Trier.
18
Q
Who nearly stepped in as a compromise candidate during the Imperial Election 1519?
A
Elector of Saxony.
19
Q
What were the 3 conditions Charles V had to agree to when becoming Holy Roman Emperor?
A
- Couldn’t appoint foreign imperial officers.
- Can’t bring in foreign troops.
- Can’t declare war without Electors consent
20
Q
What were the criticisms of the lower clergy?
A
Too many which led to unemployment.
They were breaking their vows by gambling and quarreling.
“Unqualified, unlearned and unfit persons” holding office.
21
Q
Who were the higher clergy?
A
Well educated Cardinals, Bishops and Archbishops.
Nobility held these roles.
22
Q
Who were the Prince-Bishops.
A
Leading clergy, and often held political positions as well. Therefore they did jobs for both (guiding religious teaching, and deciding on foreign policy)
23
Q
What’s the name of the clergyman you can use as a case study?
A
Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg, Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, and Archbishop of Magdeburg.
24
Q
What abuses of the church did Cardinal Albert commit?
A
Made Archbishop at 24 (too young by church rules)
He held multiple roles (pluralism)
He was the son of Elector of Brandenburg (nepotism)
Bribe to be made Archbishop of Mainz in 1514 (simony)
Three roles, couldn’t do all at same time (absenteeism)
25
What teaching method did Humanists oppose?
Scholasticism, which was when an idea was debated using logical arguments.
26
What did the Humanists want to bring back?
A simpler Christian life, with focusing on teaching gospels and applying Christian values to everyday life.
27
Why did Erasmus quit training to be a monk?
He hated the strict rules set by the monastery
28
What book did Erasmus write and when was it published?
'The Handbook of a Christian Soldier' in 1504
29
What did Erasmus do in 1516?
Published his version of the New Testament, which challenged the Latin Vulgate. Sold 3K copies.
30
What was the Latin Vulgate?
Latin translation of the Bible and the Catholic church's official version of the Bible.
31
What helped Humanism to be so popular?
Its ideas were embraced by several universities such as Erfurt.
Also, since German states were urbanised and had many printers, people could read wide ranges of books??
32
What was Luther's experience like at University?
He studied Humanism and Legal Studies. He learned how to debate because students were given theses that they had to defend using logic.
33
What happened to Luther in 1502 and what did this cause him to do?
In 1502 Luther got caught in a thunderstorm and nearly got hit by lighting, and so he pledged to St. Anne that he'd become a monk. In 1505, he joined the Augustinian monastery.
34
What was Luther's experience like at the Augustinian monastery?
He was anxious he would go to hell so he would fast and pray to please God.
35
What did Luther do in 1508?
Left monastery in Erfurt and joined Wittenburg. Superior von Stan Pitz got him to teach theology there.
36
What was Luther chosen as in 1510, and what did the job require him to do?
Representative for all the Augustinian monasteries in Rome. He had to end arguments there and plead for strict reforms
37
Who did Luther send the 95 Theses to?
Several Bishops such as Albert of Mainz, who then sent it to Rome.
38
What was the long term effect of the 95 Theses in terms of printing?
Six-fold increase in printing materials between 1518-24.
39
How did the papacy initially react to the 95 Theses?
Not very strongly as he just saw it as a feud between Augustinians and Dominicans, and was more distracted by the threat of the Ottoman Empire.
40
What happened in 1518?
Eck called Luther a heretic.
Luther summoned to meet with Cardinal Cajetan (representative of Pope). Luther wanted to debate but Cardinal Cajetan did not.
41
What happened in 1519?
ECK VS. ANDREAS CARLSTADT.
ECK WINS. >:((((((
because he argued how Luther agreed with Jan Hus, who was burned for being a heretic.
42
What happened as a result of the debate in 1519?
Eck sent an indictment of heresy to Rome.
| In 1520, Luther was excommunicated due to papal bull Exsurge Domine.
43
What was Luther's Tower Experience 1518 and whats an example of a book he wrote because of it?
When he came to the realisation that the only thing need for salvation was belief in God (sola fide).
'On the Freedom of a Christian' was written developing this theory.
44
What were the names of the two pamphlets of 1520?
'The Address to the German Nobility of the German Nation'
'The Babylonian Captivity of the Church'
45
Who was The Address to the German Nobility of the German Nation addressed to?
Secular rulers of Germany.
46
What did The Address to the German Nobility of the German Nation argue?
EVERY believer had a part to play in spreading God's word, not just the priests.
47
Why was The Address to the German Nobility of the German Nation dangerous for the church.
By arguing that everyone had a part to play in spreading God's word rather than just the priests, its devaluing their role.
48
What happened as a result of The Address to the German Nobility of the German Nation?
Government involvement in religious affairs.
49
Who was The Babylonian Captivity of the Church addressed to?
The clergy.
50
What did The Babylonian Captivity of the Church argue?
Priests were not needed to make contact with God.
Good works held little value in Gods eyes.
Redefined sacraments and mass.
51
Why did the Princes want Luther to come to the Diet of Worms 1521?
Some wanted to hear what he had to say, while some wanted him prosecuted.
52
For how long was Luther at the Diet of Worms 1521?
3 days.
53
What was Luther asked to do at the Diet of Worm and what happened as a result of this?
He was asked to confess to being the author of his writings, and to recant. He asked for a day to think about it, and afterwards said he would recount if they showed him in the Bible where he was wrong.
As a result of this he was accused of heresy and while his fate was being decided he fled and Frederick kidnapped him and took him to Wartburg Castle.
54
What was the Edict of Worms?
As a result of the Diet of Worms. Stated that Luther was a heretic and sow as anyone who followed him.
55
What did some argue Charles should've done to Luther as a result of the Diet of Worms?
Executed him, however this would've only destroyed the man, not his ideas.
56
What did Charles V do between 1521-30 and what was the impact of this?
Went to Spain because he was only king there.
This gave the princes more power.
57
What was the impact of the Diet and Edict of Worms?
Philip of Hesse and the princes of Anjalt and Mansfield became supporters of Lutheranism.
City of Nuremberg posted the Edict of Worms in 1521 but made no attempt to enforce it, and appointed Lutheran preachers that same year.
58
Give 3 examples of radicals.
Andreas Karlstadt, Zwickau Prophets and Thomas Muntzer.
59
Who was Andreas Karlstadt?
Saw himself as guardian of Luther's beliefs while he was in Wartburg castle. Married 15y/o to prove his belief on clerical marriage. Believes Jesus is not present at communion.
60
What was Zwickau Prophets?
Wittenberg became beacon for reformers. Some wanted to push Luther's reforms further. Most prominent ideas was that bread and wine were only symbol of Jesus.
61
Who was Thomas Muntzer?
Rejects infant baptism.
1523- produced first German ltergy as he believed to take part in service, it had to be in the language of the congregation.
62
Who were the leaders of the Imperial Revolt 1522-23?
Von Sickingen and Von Hutten.
63
What was the cause of the Imperial Revolt 1522-23?
Disagreed with Catholic church and so wanted to defend Lutheran beliefs.
Also blamed princes in church for their loss of power (disagreed with secular power of church).
64
How did the Imperial Revolt 1522-23 play out?
600 Knights met at Lake Constance. Attacked Archbishop of Trier (to attack churchmen in secular positions).
Knights Declaration of War encouraged people to join them.
Failed after one week and all lands confiscated
Big L basically.
65
When was the Imperial Revolt?
1522-1523.
66
What caused the Peasants War 1524-25?
.
67
How did the Peasants War 1524-25 play out?
.
68
What was Luther's response to the Peasants War 1524-25.
He was just like yikeroonees because this was way more radical than he intended.
So, to separate himself from this he wrote "Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants" which justify the actions of the princes (i.e.) Philip of Hesse.
69
Give 3 examples of German princes who converted to Lutheranism.
Philip of Hesse, John of saxony and Duke of Prussia.
70
What did Philip of Hesse do as he converted to Lutheranism?
Leader of Lutheran ideas. After Diet of Speyer 1526 he called for the clergy to reform religion in Hesse.
71
What did John of Saxony do as he converted to Lutheranism?
Converted all churches in Saxony to Lutheran and set up a system in which clergymen would visit every parish to ensure Lutheranism was being practiced correctly.
72
What did the Duke of Prussia do as he converted to Lutheranism?
Married a Danish princess which is significant because only in Lutheranism could priests marry.
Secularised the lands of the Teutonic Knights.
73
Name the 4 Lutheran developments in the 1520's.
The German mass, translation of the bible, doctrine of the real presence, small/large catechisms.
74
How did Luther develop the German Mass in the 1520s?
Chanted rather than spoken. In German so everyone could understand it.
75
How did Luther develop the Doctrine of the Real Presence in the 1520s?
Consubstantiation- Luther is omnipresent and so he is everything including the bread and wine, but the bread and wine is fully bread and wine as well as christ (instead of transubstantiation which is that bread and wine may look like that but is actually only body and blood of christ)
76
How did Luther develop the translation of the Bible in the 1520s?
He believed Bible needed to be in German for people to be able to understand it. So in 1522 he translated New Testament while in Wittenberg. 1534-1574 100K copies sold. Increased education as people needed to be able to read to read the bible (duh).
77
How did Luther develop through the Small and Large Catechisms in the 1520s.
Went around different parishes in Saxony to ensure Lutheran was being practiced correctly. He was horrified; people could read Bible but couldn't understand it. So, he created small catechism for children and ordinary people, and large catechism for educated adults and teachers in school.
78
What happened during First Diet of Speyer 1526?
Archduke Ferdinand said no Edict of Worms until the church council was summoned. Ottoman empire probably contributed as it made people more relaxed about Lutheranism. Charles V didn't even attend as he was in Spain.
79
What happened during Second Diet of Speyer 1529?
Ferdinand sent a letter to compromise but didn't arrive in time and so Edict of Worms was enforced again. Princes were fummming and this was the first use of the word 'Protestant'.
80
Give 3 examples of other reformers in the 1520s.
Ulrich Zwingli, John Bugenhagen, and Martin Bucer.
81
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Denied sacrifice was made during mass because Jesus only did that shit once and once only hunny.
Also made new communion liturgy for mass in 1525.
82
Who was John Bugenhagen?
Made Saxon model, which explained how church should be structured. It was established wherever there was Lutheranism and princes lied this as it gave them more power. Also perrrrffeeccttt for politically fractured structure of HRE.
83
Who was Martin Bucer?
He tried to unite Protestants and Catholics, and make a new German National church separate from Rome.
However he took a big L because it went to shit due to Schmalkaldic League.
84
What did Philip Melanchthon do in 1521?
He wrote Loci Communes which explained Lutheran theology and was used as the standard guide.
85
What did Philip Melanchthon do in 1525?
Nuremberg rung him up like can you make a curriculum for our preachers and he be like yuuuuuh bitches
86
What did Philip Melanchthon do in 1530?
Represented his boy Luther at the Diet of Augsburg. (Luther couldn't attended due to Edict of Worms). However Philip took another W and created Augsburg Confession.
87
What was the Augsburg Confession and how did it come about?
28 articles (21 Lutheran beliefs and 7 attacks of church) and was meant to guide the reader to a proper understanding of the Bible.
88
Who was the Schmalkaldic League set up by, and when?
Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony in 1531.
89
What did someone have to do to get into the Schmalkaldic League?
Agree with the Augsburg confession.
90
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
Military alliance between Lutheran princes. They would defend each other if attacked by the Emperor.
OFFERED the chance to attacked Emperor who wanted to increase his authority over princes and imperial estates.
91
What was the significance of the Schmalkaldic League?
Enforced Lutheranism in their territories.
Military force who could resist Catholic pressure.
92
What was the Philip of Hesse affair? Go on spill the tea sis.
Basically Philip was a slag he committed adultery against his wife who he had had 10 kids with and so he rung up Luther and be like can I get a divorce because it says I can in the old Testament and Luther be like no.
93
What was the Truce of Nuremberg 1532?
Temporary truce and accepted the differences that had already developed, but, Lutherans agreed that Zwinglians did not apply to this.
94
What was the Frankfurt Interim 1539?
Peace treaty between Charles and Protestants (represented by Melancthon) through Treaty on Frankfurt. Protestant Schmalkaldic League HAD had support from Catholic France (as they were at war with Charles) but when Charles united with Protestants through this treaty, the support from France ended (to the Schmalkaldic League.
95
What was the Colloquy of Regensburg 1541
Debated Regensburg book, which was a collection of statements agreed by both sides. Luther deemed it acceptable but altered sola fide. Some articles were not being agreed on, and then was made worst by Luther being a little bitch and making suggestions he knew wouldn't be agreed upon. Albeit of Mainz advised war was the only option.
96
Why did Charles choose to go to war with the Schmalkaldic League when he did?
He had the Peace of Augsburg with France and Ottoman Empire and so he had a bit of spare time to frick some shish upppppp.
97
What happened in the Schmalkaldic War?
Charles defeated them in 1547 at the Battle of Muhlberg.
98
What were the consequences of the Schmalkaldic War?
All came up roses for Charlesy boi. Philip of Hesse surrendered and Charles troops converted towns back to Catholicism.
99
What was the Augsburg Interim 1548?
Temporary religious arrangement, which had some Lutheran concessions in it.
100
Why did Charles issue the Augsburg Interim 1548?
He couldn't completely wipe out Lutheranism because he couldn't afford it and some Cath princes wouldn't agree because he was too powerful. And if you cant beat em, join em.
101
What mistake did Charles V make between 1548-1552?
Gave out electorships in return for supporting him, which pissed off the princes as this was not allowed.
Lutherans fought back. Schmalkaldic League was revived by Catholic French King and Maurice of Saxony, and they attacked Metz and Toul.
102
What was the Peace of Passau 1552?
Peace treaty between Charles V and protestant princes (led by Maurice). Recognised the right to practice Lutheranism. It allowed the princes to choose there faith and this would be the faith of their state. any inhabitants who disagreed were free to leave. Recognised that uniting under one church would be impossible.
103
What were the four distractions to Charles V?
The Ottoman Empire, Spain, France, and the Princes.
104
How was the Ottoman Empire a distraction to Charles V?
.
105
How was Spain a distraction to Charles V?
.
106
How was France a distraction to Charles V?
.
107
How were the Princes a distraction to Charles V?
.
108
How did Leo X fail as pope?
Underestimated Luther. The exsurge Domine was a typical response, but Luther was an atypical challenge, and o this was not enough. Didn't account for factors such as the printing press of structure of the HRE.
109
How did Adrian VI fail as pope?
Unpopular as he stood up against corruption in the church; he knew until this was fixed, Lutherans challenge would be justified. Stopped by his own cardinals and died under 2 years on the job.
110
How did Clement VII fail as pope?
Too focused on the Charles-Valois French War. Eventually allied with France, so Charles kidnapped him. This meant that when Henry asked him to grant divorce to Catherine of Aragon, he denied because Anne's nephew had him captive.
111
How did Paul III fail as pope?
Abuses like nepotism, so patron of the arts to compensate.
112
What were the two groups of Catholics
The Spirituali and the Zelanti
113
What was the Catholic group 'The Spirituali' like?
Moderate (up to 1541). Both doctrine and abuses of church needed reforms. Believed compromise with Lutherans was possible, sola fide may be acceptable.
114
What was the Catholic group 'The Zelanti' like?
Radical (after 1541). Abuses of church needed reforms BUT compromise with Lutherans is impossible and heresy needs to be crushed.
115
What was the Oratory of Divine Love?
Brotherhood of clerics and laypeople. 5 were founded by Paul III. Promoted good works and importance of a good life.
116
What was the Reforming Committee and Consilium 1536?
Paul III's first step to deal was Lutherans. Created committee to look into the abuses in the church. Created 'the Consilium' which listed abuses in the church, including ones Lutherans highlighted.
Catholics believed the church needed to be reformed in terms of hierarchy, but churchmen wanted to keep their positions. Made the church look weak.
117
What was the Society of Jesus 1540?
New Catholic group who aimed to combat Protestantism. Paul recognised it.
118
What was the council of Trent 1544?
When war ended between Frances and Charles, they both agreed to a church council. They drew up the Tridentine Decrees which essentially outlawed Lutherans and moderate Catholics.
119
How did the Tridentine Decree come about, and what were its aims?
Created at the Council of Trent in 1554, after war had ended between Charles and France, and they both agreed to a church council.
Its two main aims were to reform church and create distinct church doctrine.
120
What did the Tridentine Decree state?
Protestant were heretics, sola fide and scriptura were rejected, good works essential for salvation. Pope head of church.
121
How did the printing press and propaganda help Lutheranism to survive?
Helped to print out small pamphlets, which were popular as they were affordable (unlike books). 1000% increase between 1518-24.
Also enabled people to print out propaganda (from both sides) (i.e.) 'The Difference between Protestant and Catholic worship' by Lucas Cranach
Woodcuts were popular among the poor. Robert Scribner= "like gin- crude, cheap and effective".
122
In what ways did Frederick the Wise help Lutheranism to survive?
Stopped Luther being sent to Rome in 1518
Refused to obey Exsurge Domine
Kidnapped and took Luther to Wartburg.
