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Tuberculosis Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is Tuberculosis?
A

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease usually affecting the lungs

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2
Q
  1. What are the causative agents of Tuberculosis?
A

The causative agents of Tuberculosis are Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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3
Q
  1. How much of the world population is affected by M. tuberculosis?
A

M. tuberculosis affects one-third of the world population.

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4
Q
  1. What was the global incidence of TB in 2013?
A

In 2013

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5
Q
  1. What is the prevalence of TB in Ethiopia?
A

The prevalence of all forms of TB in Ethiopia is 211 per 100

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6
Q
  1. What is the incidence of TB in Ethiopia?
A

The incidence of all forms of TB in Ethiopia is 224 per 100

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7
Q
  1. What percentage of new TB cases in Ethiopia are HIV co-infected?
A

13% of all new TB cases in Ethiopia are HIV co-infected.

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8
Q
  1. How does HIV impact TB?
A

HIV increases the rate of TB reactivation

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9
Q
  1. What is the lifetime chance of TB reactivation in HIV patients?
A

HIV patients have a 50% lifetime chance of TB reactivation.

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10
Q
  1. How does TB affect HIV?
A

TB infection activates T-cells

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11
Q
  1. What are the nationally recommended TB/HIV collaborative activities?
A

Establish integrated TB and HIV services

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12
Q
  1. How is TB transmitted?
A

TB is transmitted through inhalation of infected droplet nuclei from coughing

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13
Q
  1. What determines an individual’s risk of TB exposure?
A

The concentration of droplet nuclei in contaminated air and the length of time spent breathing that air.

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14
Q
  1. What percentage of latent TB infections develop active disease?
A

Only 5-10% of latent TB infections develop active disease.

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15
Q
  1. What is the risk of progression to active TB in HIV patients?
A

HIV patients have a 10% annual risk and a 50% lifetime risk of progression to active TB.

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16
Q
  1. What are the risk factors for active TB among infected individuals?
A

Recent infection

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17
Q
  1. What is the difference between active TB and latent TB infection?
A

Active TB has symptoms

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18
Q
  1. What is primary TB?
A

Primary TB occurs in children under 5 years

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19
Q
  1. What is postprimary TB?
A

Postprimary TB

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20
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of pulmonary TB?
A

Symptoms include fever

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21
Q
  1. What is Ghon focus?
A

Ghon focus is a primary lesion in the lung caused by TB infection

22
Q
  1. What is extrapulmonary TB?
A

Extrapulmonary TB affects organs other than the lungs

23
Q
  1. What is lymph node TB?
A

Lymph node TB

24
Q
  1. What is pleural TB?
A

Pleural TB presents with fever

25
Q
  1. What is skeletal TB?
A

Skeletal TB affects weight-bearing joints like the spine (Pott’s disease)

26
Q
  1. What is TB meningitis?
A

TB meningitis results from hematogenous spread of TB

27
Q
  1. What are the stages of TB meningitis?
A

Stage I: lucid with no focal signs; Stage II: lethargy and confusion; Stage III: coma and seizures.

28
Q
  1. How is TB diagnosed?
A

TB is diagnosed through sputum AFB microscopy

29
Q
  1. What is the gold standard for TB diagnosis?
A

Sputum culture is the gold standard for TB diagnosis.

30
Q
  1. What are the goals of anti-TB chemotherapy?
A

Goals include preventing morbidity and mortality

31
Q
  1. What are the first-line drugs for TB treatment?
A

First-line drugs include Isoniazid

32
Q
  1. What is the standard treatment regimen for new TB patients?
A

The standard regimen is 2 months of HRZE (Isoniazid

33
Q
  1. What is the treatment for latent TB infection?
A

Latent TB is treated with Isoniazid for 6-9 months or Rifampicin for 4 months.

34
Q
  1. What is MDR-TB?
A

MDR-TB is multidrug-resistant TB

35
Q
  1. What is XDR-TB?
A

XDR-TB is extensively drug-resistant TB

36
Q
  1. What is the impact of TB on HIV patients?
A

TB increases HIV viral load

37
Q
  1. What is the role of HAART in TB/HIV co-infection?
A

HAART reduces the burden of TB in HIV patients and improves outcomes.

38
Q
  1. What is the role of INH preventive therapy in TB/HIV co-infection?
A

INH preventive therapy reduces the risk of TB reactivation in HIV patients.

39
Q
  1. What is the role of infection control in TB/HIV co-infection?
A

Infection control measures reduce the transmission of TB in healthcare settings.

40
Q
  1. What is the role of early HAART in TB/HIV co-infection?
A

Early HAART reduces the risk of TB reactivation and improves survival in HIV patients.

41
Q
  1. What is the role of intensive case finding in TB/HIV co-infection?
A

Intensive case finding ensures early diagnosis and treatment of TB in HIV patients.

42
Q
  1. What is the role of sputum smear microscopy in TB diagnosis?
A

Sputum smear microscopy detects acid-fast bacilli and is used for initial TB diagnosis.

43
Q
  1. What is the role of GeneXpert in TB diagnosis?
A

GeneXpert is a rapid molecular test that detects TB and rifampicin resistance.

44
Q
  1. What is the role of chest X-rays in TB diagnosis?
A

Chest X-rays help identify pulmonary TB lesions

45
Q
  1. What is the role of histopathology in TB diagnosis?
A

Histopathology helps diagnose extrapulmonary TB through tissue biopsy.

46
Q
  1. What is the role of FNAC in TB diagnosis?
A

FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) is used to diagnose lymph node TB.

47
Q
  1. What is the role of ADA in TB diagnosis?
A

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels in pleural fluid help diagnose pleural TB.

48
Q
  1. What is the role of IFN-γ release assays in TB diagnosis?
A

IFN-γ release assays help diagnose latent TB infection.

49
Q
  1. What is the role of TB culture in diagnosis?
A

TB culture is the gold standard for diagnosing TB and determining drug susceptibility.

50
Q
  1. What is the role of TB treatment in preventing transmission?
A

Effective TB treatment reduces the infectiousness of patients and prevents transmission.

Internal Medicine (19 decks)

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