Tuberculosis

Question 1

1. What is Tuberculosis?

Answer 1

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease usually affecting the lungs

Question 2

2. What are the causative agents of Tuberculosis?

Answer 2

The causative agents of Tuberculosis are Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 3

3. How much of the world population is affected by M. tuberculosis?

Answer 3

M. tuberculosis affects one-third of the world population.

Question 4

4. What was the global incidence of TB in 2013?

Answer 4

In 2013

Question 5

5. What is the prevalence of TB in Ethiopia?

Answer 5

The prevalence of all forms of TB in Ethiopia is 211 per 100

Question 6

6. What is the incidence of TB in Ethiopia?

Answer 6

The incidence of all forms of TB in Ethiopia is 224 per 100

Question 7

7. What percentage of new TB cases in Ethiopia are HIV co-infected?

Answer 7

13% of all new TB cases in Ethiopia are HIV co-infected.

Question 8

8. How does HIV impact TB?

Answer 8

HIV increases the rate of TB reactivation

Question 9

9. What is the lifetime chance of TB reactivation in HIV patients?

Answer 9

HIV patients have a 50% lifetime chance of TB reactivation.

Question 10

10. How does TB affect HIV?

Answer 10

TB infection activates T-cells

Question 11

11. What are the nationally recommended TB/HIV collaborative activities?

Answer 11

Establish integrated TB and HIV services

Question 12

12. How is TB transmitted?

Answer 12

TB is transmitted through inhalation of infected droplet nuclei from coughing

Question 13

13. What determines an individual’s risk of TB exposure?

Answer 13

The concentration of droplet nuclei in contaminated air and the length of time spent breathing that air.

Question 14

14. What percentage of latent TB infections develop active disease?

Answer 14

Only 5-10% of latent TB infections develop active disease.

Question 15

15. What is the risk of progression to active TB in HIV patients?

Answer 15

HIV patients have a 10% annual risk and a 50% lifetime risk of progression to active TB.

Question 16

16. What are the risk factors for active TB among infected individuals?

Answer 16

Recent infection

Question 17

17. What is the difference between active TB and latent TB infection?

Answer 17

Active TB has symptoms

Question 18

18. What is primary TB?

Answer 18

Primary TB occurs in children under 5 years

Question 19

19. What is postprimary TB?

Answer 19

Postprimary TB

Question 20

20. What are the symptoms of pulmonary TB?

Answer 20

Symptoms include fever

Question 21

21. What is Ghon focus?

Answer 21

Ghon focus is a primary lesion in the lung caused by TB infection

Question 22

22. What is extrapulmonary TB?

Answer 22

Extrapulmonary TB affects organs other than the lungs

Question 23

23. What is lymph node TB?

Answer 23

Lymph node TB

Question 24

24. What is pleural TB?

Answer 24

Pleural TB presents with fever

Question 25

25. What is skeletal TB?

Answer 25

Skeletal TB affects weight-bearing joints like the spine (Pott's disease)

Question 26

26. What is TB meningitis?

Answer 26

TB meningitis results from hematogenous spread of TB

Question 27

27. What are the stages of TB meningitis?

Answer 27

Stage I: lucid with no focal signs; Stage II: lethargy and confusion; Stage III: coma and seizures.

Question 28

28. How is TB diagnosed?

Answer 28

TB is diagnosed through sputum AFB microscopy

Question 29

29. What is the gold standard for TB diagnosis?

Answer 29

Sputum culture is the gold standard for TB diagnosis.

Question 30

30. What are the goals of anti-TB chemotherapy?

Answer 30

Goals include preventing morbidity and mortality

Question 31

31. What are the first-line drugs for TB treatment?

Answer 31

First-line drugs include Isoniazid

Question 32

32. What is the standard treatment regimen for new TB patients?

Answer 32

The standard regimen is 2 months of HRZE (Isoniazid

Question 33

33. What is the treatment for latent TB infection?

Answer 33

Latent TB is treated with Isoniazid for 6-9 months or Rifampicin for 4 months.

Question 34

34. What is MDR-TB?

Answer 34

MDR-TB is multidrug-resistant TB

Question 35

35. What is XDR-TB?

Answer 35

XDR-TB is extensively drug-resistant TB

Question 36

36. What is the impact of TB on HIV patients?

Answer 36

TB increases HIV viral load

Question 37

37. What is the role of HAART in TB/HIV co-infection?

Answer 37

HAART reduces the burden of TB in HIV patients and improves outcomes.

Question 38

38. What is the role of INH preventive therapy in TB/HIV co-infection?

Answer 38

INH preventive therapy reduces the risk of TB reactivation in HIV patients.

Question 39

39. What is the role of infection control in TB/HIV co-infection?

Answer 39

Infection control measures reduce the transmission of TB in healthcare settings.

Question 40

40. What is the role of early HAART in TB/HIV co-infection?

Answer 40

Early HAART reduces the risk of TB reactivation and improves survival in HIV patients.

Question 41

41. What is the role of intensive case finding in TB/HIV co-infection?

Answer 41

Intensive case finding ensures early diagnosis and treatment of TB in HIV patients.

Question 42

42. What is the role of sputum smear microscopy in TB diagnosis?

Answer 42

Sputum smear microscopy detects acid-fast bacilli and is used for initial TB diagnosis.

Question 43

43. What is the role of GeneXpert in TB diagnosis?

Answer 43

GeneXpert is a rapid molecular test that detects TB and rifampicin resistance.

Question 44

44. What is the role of chest X-rays in TB diagnosis?

Answer 44

Chest X-rays help identify pulmonary TB lesions

Question 45

45. What is the role of histopathology in TB diagnosis?

Answer 45

Histopathology helps diagnose extrapulmonary TB through tissue biopsy.

Question 46

46. What is the role of FNAC in TB diagnosis?

Answer 46

FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) is used to diagnose lymph node TB.

Question 47

47. What is the role of ADA in TB diagnosis?

Answer 47

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels in pleural fluid help diagnose pleural TB.

Question 48

48. What is the role of IFN-γ release assays in TB diagnosis?

Answer 48

IFN-γ release assays help diagnose latent TB infection.

Question 49

49. What is the role of TB culture in diagnosis?

Answer 49

TB culture is the gold standard for diagnosing TB and determining drug susceptibility.

Question 50

50. What is the role of TB treatment in preventing transmission?

Answer 50

Effective TB treatment reduces the infectiousness of patients and prevents transmission.