Acidosis Flashcards
Normal systemic arterial pH range
“7.35 - 7.45”
Primary regulators of acid-base balance
“Lungs (CO2 control) and kidneys (HCO3- control)”
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes
“The relationship between pH
Winter’s equation is used for
“Predicting compensatory Paco2 in metabolic acidosis”
Rule of 15 for metabolic acidosis
“Expected Pco2 = [HCO3−] + 15”
Primary respiratory disturbances affect
“PaCO2 levels”
Primary metabolic disturbances affect
“[HCO3−] levels”
Compensation for metabolic acidosis
“Increased ventilation to decrease CO2”
Compensation for respiratory acidosis
“Increased renal HCO3− retention”
High anion gap metabolic acidosis is caused by
“Lactic acidosis
Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis is caused by
“Diarrhea
Anion gap calculation formula
“AG = Na+ – (Cl− + HCO3−)”
Normal anion gap value
“Approximately 10 mmol/L”
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
“Vomiting
Compensation in metabolic alkalosis
“Hypoventilation to retain CO2”
Treatment of metabolic alkalosis
“Correct underlying cause
Respiratory acidosis is caused by
“Hypoventilation
Acute hypercapnia symptoms
“Anxiety
Chronic hypercapnia symptoms
“Sleep disorders
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
“Hyperventilation
Compensation for respiratory alkalosis
“Renal HCO3− excretion”
Treatment for respiratory alkalosis
“Rebreathing techniques
Mixed acid-base disorder definition
“Coexistence of two or more primary disturbances”
Delta ratio use
“Identifies mixed metabolic disorders”
ΔAG/ΔHCO3− <1 indicates
“Normal AG metabolic acidosis”
ΔAG/ΔHCO3− >2 indicates
“Mixed high-gap metabolic acidosis–metabolic alkalosis”
Acute respiratory acidosis compensation
“Increase in HCO3− by 1 mmol/L per 10-mmHg CO2 rise”
Chronic respiratory acidosis compensation
“Increase in HCO3− by 4 mmol/L per 10-mmHg CO2 rise”
Effects of metabolic acidosis
“Cardiac dysfunction
Respiratory alkalosis effect on cerebral blood flow
“Decreased cerebral perfusion”
Acidosis effect on cardiac function
“Depresses myocardial contractility”
Alkalosis effect on neuromuscular function
“Causes muscle spasms
Treatment for acute respiratory acidosis
“Mechanical ventilation if severe”
Metabolic acidosis common lab finding
“Low pH
Metabolic alkalosis common lab finding
“High pH
Respiratory acidosis common lab finding
“Low pH
Respiratory alkalosis common lab finding
“High pH
Bicarbonate therapy in metabolic acidosis is used when
“pH < 7.00”
Chronic kidney disease contributes to
“Metabolic acidosis due to H+ retention”
Alveolar hypoventilation results in
“Respiratory acidosis”
Alveolar hyperventilation results in
“Respiratory alkalosis”
Hypokalemia sustains metabolic alkalosis due to
“Renal retention of bicarbonate”
Causes of increased endogenous acid production
“Diabetic ketoacidosis
Clinical features of respiratory acidosis
“Headache
Hypercapnia definition
“Elevated CO2 levels in blood”
Common cause of acute respiratory acidosis
“Airway obstruction”
Most important treatment for metabolic alkalosis
“Correcting the underlying cause”
Expected compensation in metabolic acidosis
“Hyperventilation”
First-line treatment in respiratory alkalosis
“Reassurance and rebreathing techniques”
Hyperaldosteronism causes metabolic alkalosis due to
“Increased H+ loss in urine”
