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Tsardom to Communism Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the distance from north to south in Russia?

A

2,000 miles

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2
Q

How much of the land does Russia make up?

A

1/6

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3
Q

What was the northern area called?

A

The tundra

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4
Q

What were the conditions like in the tundra?

A

Mostly frozen

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5
Q

What was the area of land called below the tundra?

A

The taiga

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6
Q

What was the climate like in the south?

A

Desert like

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7
Q

How much land could be used due to farming?

A

Little

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8
Q

What was beyond the Ural Mountains?

A

Frontier Settlements

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9
Q

Where were the main areas of agriculture?

A

European Russia

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10
Q

What were roads like?

A

There were few paved roads, it was mostly dirt tracks

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11
Q

How did people go on long journeys?

A

Steam boats

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12
Q

When was the trans-Siberian railway opened and where did it go to and from?

A

1904

From Moscow to Vladivostok

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13
Q

What was the population in Russia? And where did they mostly live?

A

130 million people mostly in European Russia

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14
Q

Who were the Cossacks and what were they offered?

A

They were fierce warriors who were offered army service

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15
Q

Who were the Byelorussians?

A

White Russians

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16
Q

When was the Caucasus region conquered?

A

1864

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17
Q

Who resisted the Byelorussians and society in the 1900s?

A

The Georgians and Tribesmen (Chechens)

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18
Q

What was Russification?

A

The policy of being Russian, wearing Russian clothes and speaking Russian

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19
Q

What was the public opinion of Russification?

A

Many people resented it

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20
Q

In which countries were there Russian officials?

A

Finland, Poland and Latvia

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21
Q

How much of the population did peasants take up?

A

4/5

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22
Q

What were the main foods that peasants ate?

A

Rye bread, porridge, cabbage soup

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23
Q

How many peasants died in 1891 and why did they die?

A

400,000 as a result of crop failure

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24
Q

What method of farming did the peasants use under the Tsar?

A

The strip method

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25
Q

What percentage of the population were nobles?

A

1%

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26
Q

How much of the land was owned by the nobles?

A

1/4 and most had 2 homes

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27
Q

Who were the middle class?

A

Bankers, merchants, and owners of business

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28
Q

Where did the workers live?

A

In cheap lodging with no privacy

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29
Q

What was the typical diet of a worker in the 1900s?

A

Black bread and Vodka

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30
Q

When were the Bolsheviks formed?

A

1903

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31
Q

What were the aims of the Bolsheviks?

A

To overthrow the Tsar and make Russia a socialist state

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32
Q

When were the socialist revolutionaries formed and what were their aims?

A

1901 with the same aims as the Bolsheviks

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33
Q

When was the very first revolution under the Tsar?

A

1905, they didn’t like the war with Japan

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34
Q

What was the troops response to the 1905 protest?

A

To open fire on peaceful protesters and therefore caused the revolution

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35
Q

Who was Stolypin?

A

The prime minister

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36
Q

How did Stolypin deal with opposition?

A

Very harshly and executed 1000s

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37
Q

What was the distance from east to west in Russia?

A

4,000 miles

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38
Q

What was described as backward in Russia?

A

The economy

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39
Q

How many years were Russia behind GB and USA (in terms of industry)?

A

100 years

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40
Q

Between what years did coal and steel industry increase?

A

1906 - 1914

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41
Q

In the early 1900s the government tried to do what with industry?

A

Modernise it

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42
Q

How did the government try to modernise industry?

A

By putting in lots of money from taxes - leaving many people poor

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43
Q

What did price increase between 1906 - 14 lead to?

A

Starvation

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44
Q

By when did the economy improve as a result of the input of money from the government?

A

1914

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45
Q

When did the ‘October Manifesto’ happen?

A

1905

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46
Q

What did the ‘October Manifesto’ mean for the people of Russia?

A

Freedom of the press and the Duma were to be elected

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47
Q

In 1906 what happened that took back the ‘October Manifesto’?

A

The Fundamental laws

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48
Q

Who was used to ensure loyalty across Russia?

A

The Okhrana (secret police)

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49
Q

Between what years were members of the Duma elected?

A

1906 - 14

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50
Q

Did the Duma have any power?

A

No

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51
Q

Changes were made in the countryside which meant that peasants could do what?

A

Peasants could buy land

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52
Q

How were the peasants able to buy land?

A

With the help of Stolypin’s peasant bank

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53
Q

Russia was still a what in 1914?

A

Hierarchy

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54
Q

What couldn’t peasants not afford despite the help of the ‘peasant bank’?

A

Land

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55
Q

Between 1906-1914 where did many people travel and why was this an issue?

A

West, which caused overcrowding and misery as conditions weren’t any better

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56
Q

What did Nicholas II believe in?

A

‘Divine Right of Kings’

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57
Q

Name the 6 good things about the Tsar Nicholas II

A

Intelligent, quick minded, good learner, hard worker, kind and well meaning

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58
Q

What did the Tsar refuse to do?

A

Listen to advice

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59
Q

What was the Tsar not confident in doing?

A

Making decisions

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60
Q

What did the Tsar admit about his position?

A

That he never wanted the position to rule Russia

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61
Q

Who was the Tsar not as good as in terms of physical strength?

A

His father

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62
Q

What wouldn’t the Tsar tolerate and how did he deal with this?

A

Opposition, he would call the Cossacks to put down roots

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63
Q

Why did many people oppose the Tsar?

A

Because of the Tsarina

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64
Q

The Tsar prioritised his time for who?

A

His family

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65
Q

In what way was the Tsar similar to Hitler?

A

They were both Anti Semetic

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66
Q

By the end of 1914 how many casualties of war had there been?

A

1 million

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67
Q

Russia were suffering what during the war?

A

Humiliating losses

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68
Q

How many casualties were there by the end of 1916?

A

8 million

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69
Q

When did the Tsar make himself supreme head of the military?

A

September 1915

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70
Q

What materials were scarce as a result of WW1?

A

Coal and industrial materials

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71
Q

What did shortages in coal and industrial materials lead to?

A

Extreme cold

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72
Q

Why did prices increase due to WW1?

A

Food shortages

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73
Q

How many were out of work as a result of WW1?

A

Millions

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74
Q

What were people suffering during the war?

A

Starvation

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75
Q

Why was making himself supreme head a big mistake during the war?

A

He was blamed for all the losses

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76
Q

Who was left in charge during the war and why was this an issue for the people?

A

Tsarina, she was mistrusted as she was German

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77
Q

Who did the Tsarina grow close to during WW1?

A

Rasputin

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78
Q

What did the Tsarina do while in control that were mistakes?

A

Sacked ministers and didn’t work with the Duma

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79
Q

In what year were male peasants conscripted and what was a consequence of this?

A

1916/17 which lead to food shortages

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80
Q

What was clogging up railways in 1916/17 and what did this mean for cities?

A

Ice

Supplies weren’t reaching them

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81
Q

What broke out among the people of Russia in 1916/17?

A

Law and Order

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82
Q

What happened on March 12th 1917?

A

Troops refused to open fire and Duma set up provisional government

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83
Q

What illness did the Tsar’s son have?

A

Haemophilia

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84
Q

Who did the Tsarina believe to cure her son?

A

Rasputin

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85
Q

What was Rasputin believed to be?

A

A religious healer

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86
Q

What suffered as a result of the tsarina’s association with Rasputin?

A

The Romanov’s reputation

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87
Q

Who banished Rasputin and when?

A

Stolypin in 1910

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88
Q

When did Rasputin return from being banished?

A

1912 when Stolypin died

89
Q

What would women do for Rasputin for favours?

A

Have sex with him, he was believed to be a sex addict

90
Q

When was Rasputin assassinated?

A

1916

91
Q

What happened on March 4th 1917?

A

Strikes for higher wages at Putilov armament factories

92
Q

What happened on March 8th 1912?

A

The strikers were joined by 1000s of women on the streets of Petrograd demanding bread

93
Q

When did the Tsar order troops to end the disturbances and when did he ignore the Duma?

A

10th March 1917

94
Q

What happened on the 12th March 1917?

A

Troops refused to open fire on demonstrators and the Petrograd Soviet was set up by soldiers and workers

95
Q

When did the Tsar abdicate?

A

15th March 1917

96
Q

Where were the Romanov’s sent to after the abdication?

A

Ural Mountains

97
Q

What were soldiers doing after the Tsar’s abdication and why?

A

Deserting to seize land that was being redistributed

98
Q

Who supported the Bolsheviks?

A

Workers in towns

99
Q

Who had a lot of support and who from?

A

Socialist revolutionaries from the peasants

100
Q

What did the Kadets want?

A

A constituent assembly back and a system like that in Britain

101
Q

What did the landowners want?

A

The monarchy back

102
Q

Who did the foreign countries support and why?

A

‘The whites’ because they wanted Russia back in the war

103
Q

What areas of Russia did the Reds hold and why was this an advantage?

A

Central areas of western Russia - there were lots of factories to produce supplies

104
Q

What was the aim of the Reds?

A

To stay in power

105
Q

How did Trotsky and his troops travel to harder areas?

A

Via train

106
Q

What did the Bolsheviks portray the whites as?

A

Capitalists

107
Q

What did the Reds promise the peasants?

A

Return of land

108
Q

What did the Reds have control of which was beneficial for them?

A

Railways that connected Moscow to Petrograd

109
Q

What were the white leaders like?

A

Bad, cruel and disrespectful

110
Q

Where were the whites working from?

A

All around central Russia

111
Q

What did the whites not do together do to geographical separation?

A

Attack

112
Q

What were the aims of the whites?

A

They all wanted different things

113
Q

What did the foreign powers not send for the whites?

A

Troops

114
Q

What did the white generals not do?

A

Trust each other

115
Q

What were attacks like? (From the Whites)

A

Not co-ordinated

116
Q

Allied intervention was _____

A

Ineffective

117
Q

What was happening among troops in the white army?

A

They were fighting one another

118
Q

Communications for the whites were what?

A

Difficult

119
Q

What army fell apart?

A

Kolchaks

120
Q

Who did the whites lose support from and why?

A

Peasants as land wouldn’t be returned

121
Q

What is the name of the harsh treaty imposed on Russia?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

122
Q

How many people did Russia lose due to the treaty?

A

62 million

123
Q

What percentage of farm land was lost due to the treaty?

A

27%

124
Q

What percentage of railways was lost due to the treaty?

A

26%

125
Q

What percentage of iron ore and coal was lost due to the treaty?

A

74%

126
Q

In what year were the Bolsheviks renamed ‘communists’?

A

1918

127
Q

What was the first priority of the communists?

A

To get food to cities

128
Q

What 5 things did Lenin introduce in November 1918?

A 
Maximum 8 hour day/48 hour week
Employment insurance
Titles abolished - 'comrade' introduced
Gender equality
Censorship of newspapers
129
Q

What 6 things did Lenin introduce in December 1918?

A

Liberal party (cadets) were banned
Factories under control of workers committees
Banks taken over by gov
Church land confiscated
Divorce made easy and marriage not in churches
Election of army officers

130
Q

What was to happen to lands under landlords (1918)?

A

It was to be confiscated and redistributed

131
Q

When were the Cheka set up?

A

December 1917

132
Q

Who was the leader of the Cheka?

A

Dzerzhinski

133
Q

What was Lubyanka?

A

The headquarters of the Cheka

134
Q

What was carried out at Lubyanka?

A

Torture and executions

135
Q

What kind of people did the Cheka arrest?

A

Anyone considered dangerous

136
Q

When was the red terror launched?

A

After an assassination attempt on Lenin

137
Q

What happened to people who spoke out against the government during the red terror?

A

They were arrested and shot without trial

138
Q

What was Lenin forced to hold in November 1917?

A

Elections to elect a constituent assembly who would decide how Russia would be governed in the future

139
Q

After the constituent assembly met in January 1918, what did Lenin do?

A

He sent in soldiers to shut them down for good

140
Q

What was war communism?

A

The state took control of industry and told them what to produce

141
Q

What did managers enforce during war communism?

A

Strict discipline

142
Q

What was forbidden during war communism?

A

Trade unions

Workers weren’t allowed to leave cities

143
Q

What was the effect of war communism on food supply?

A

It was rationed and was sometimes as little as 200g of bread

144
Q

Who were given larger rations during war communism?

A

Factory workers and soldiers

145
Q

Why did the popularity of the black market increase during war communism?

A

Because it was the only way to get more food

146
Q

What was the value of money in 1920 compared to its 1917 value?

A

It was 1% of its 1917 value

147
Q

What did people pay with instead of money during war communism?

A

Food or goods

148
Q

Why were the Cheka sent in to seize food during war communism?

A

Because peasants were unwilling to sell their grain

149
Q

What happened to anyone hoarding food during war communism?

A

They were punished

150
Q

In what way did peasants resist war communism?

A

They produced less grain

151
Q

By what year was the economy in ruins due to war communism?

A

1921

152
Q

What two crimes were common during war communism?

A

Robbery and burglary

153
Q

When did war communism begin?

A

June 1918

154
Q

What was the effect on the size of grain harvests due to war communism?

A

Harvests decreased in size

155
Q

How many people died during war communism?

A

5 million due to famine

156
Q

How many tonnes of grain were being produced in 1913 and what had this decreased to by 1921?

A

80 million tonnes to 37.6 million

157
Q

By how much had the price of goods risen due to war communism?

A

20, 50, 100 or 600 times

158
Q

How were people affected by the Cheka during war communism?

A

They became increasingly brutal

159
Q

What happened in March 1921 at the Kronstadt naval base?

A

They staged an uprising as the dictatorship was ‘worse than death’

160
Q

What was Trotsky’s response to the mutiny at krondstadt naval base?

A

He sent in troops to crush them, 20,000 were killed or wounded

161
Q

What happened to the sailors at krondstadt naval base?

A

They were executed or sent to camps

162
Q

What did the workers opposition do?

A

Demanded higher wages, better conditions and workers control over industry

163
Q

Who was one of the Bolshevik leaders that lead the workers opposition?

A

Alexandra kollontai

164
Q

When was the NEP introduced?

A

March 21st 1921

165
Q

What stopped due to the NEP?

A

Grain requisitioning

166
Q

What did peasants hand over grain for each day?

A

Tax

167
Q

What was done with surplus grain during the NEP?

A

It was kept or sold

168
Q

What could the traders now do freely during the NEP?

A

They could buy and sell freely

169
Q

What happened to factories under the NEP?

A

Small factories were returned to owners

Large factories were kept under government control but could produce their own products

170
Q

By when did Lenin want electric light in Russia?

A

By mid-20s

171
Q

How long did it take Moscow to change under the NEP?

A

3 weeks

172
Q

What was the effect of living conditions under the NEP?

A

They improved

173
Q

How did the NEP effect unemployment?

A

Unemployment rates when down

174
Q

What did the NEP encourage with other people?

A

Trade

175
Q

The NEP caused a period of stability between what years?

A

1921 and 1928

176
Q

By what year did the economy reach pre-1914 and thus creating huge capital investment?

A

1926

177
Q

When was the Anglo-Russian trade agreement signed?

A

1921

178
Q

What was the NEP seen as a return to?

A

Capitalism

179
Q

What were poor farmers unable to use under the NEP?

A

New machinery

180
Q

Who widened the wealth gap under the NEP?

A

‘NEPmen’

181
Q

Why was there overcrowding during the NEP?

A

Due to an influx of workers

182
Q

What increased under the NEP?

A

Crime rate

183
Q

Why were their food shortages under the NEP?

A

Because peasants were unwilling to sell grain as they were unable to buy much

184
Q

What was the general peasant opinion of prices under the NEP?

A

They found them too high

185
Q

How did output of coal increase from 1913 to 1928?

A

29 million tonnes - 1913
9 million tonnes - 1921
35 million tonnes - 1928

186
Q

How did iron and steel output change from 1913 to 1928?

A
  1. 5 million tonnes - 1913
  2. 3 million tonnes - 1921
  3. 3 million tonnes - 1928
187
Q

How did grain output change between 1913 and 1928?

A

80m tonnes - 1913

  1. 6m tonnes - 1921
  2. 3m tonnes - 1928
188
Q

When were the royal family executed?

A

July 1918

189
Q

How many died between 1914 and 1921?

A

21 million

190
Q

How much of land was cultivated as a result of the civil war?

A

50%

191
Q

What was there a shortage of as a result of the civil war?

A

Doctors and hospitals

192
Q

What was the ration of bread during the famine of 1921 and how many people died as a result?

A

30g, 5 million died

193
Q

When was Comintern set up?

A

March 1919

194
Q

What happened to religion under communism?

A

It was banned, churches were destroyed and priests were killed

195
Q

Which ‘useless’ subjects were banned under communism and what subject was encouraged?

A

History and Latin

Science

196
Q

In what year were the ‘socialist republics’ brought together into the ‘union of soviet socialist republics’?

A

1923

197
Q

Who devised the provisional government?

A

The 4 remaining members of the Duma

198
Q

What three things did the provisional government do when they came to power?

A

Freed political prisoners, introduction of an eight hour day and abolishment of secret police

199
Q

Who did the provisional government share dual power with?

A

The Petrograd soviet

200
Q

What did the Petrograd soviet issue that gave them control of the armed forces in Petrograd?

A

Order number one

201
Q

Who took over the PG in July 1917?

A

Kerensky

202
Q

Why did the PG continue war?

A

Because they felt they didn’t have the power to make such an important decision

203
Q

When was the Russian offensive launched?

A

June 1917

204
Q

How many died in the Russian offensive?

A

60,000

205
Q

Who resigned as a result of the failed Russian offensive?

A

Guchov (minister of war) and Milyukov (foreign minister)

206
Q

What reforms did the PG fail to carry out?

A

Land reforms

207
Q

When did Lenin return to Petrograd and give his ‘April Thesis’

A

April 1917

208
Q

What was the April thesis?

A

Lenin’s promise of ‘peace, bread and land’

209
Q

During what protests did Lenin flee to Finland?

A

‘July days’

210
Q

When was the Kornilov Affair?

A

August 1917

211
Q

What happened during the Kornilov affair?

A

General Kornilov attempted to take over the provisional government and the bolsheviks stopped him

212
Q

When Lenin returned on the 7th October, what was established?

A

Military revolutionary committee which allowed Trotsky to control the Petrograd troops

213
Q

When did the Bolshevik revolution planning begin?

A

10th October

214
Q

When did the Bolshevik Revolution begin?

A

On the night of the 24/25th October

215
Q

What was seized during the Bolshevik revolution?

A

Bridges and post offices

216
Q

When did the Peter and Paul fortress provide weapons for the revolution?

A

23rd October

217
Q

Which ship from the krondstadt naval base led ships to open fire on the winter palace?

A

The aurora

218
Q

By what time was the government captured (Bolshevik Revolution)?

A

1:30am

219
Q

What statement did Lenin issue which announced the new government?

A

‘The PG is no more and power has passed to the Soviets’

History (6 decks)

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