TS

Question 1

Requirements

Answer 1

Deep unstable layer, up drafts, steep lapse rate, humidity, latent heat, a trigger

Question 2

Heat and thermal ts

Answer 2

Surface heating, ELR is steeper, produces convection and condensation, early afternoon, doesn’t move very much

Question 3

Air mass ts

Answer 3

Cooler air moving over a warmer surface, creates inversion, warm air underneath creates instability, not going to move very much

Question 4

Frontal ts

Answer 4

Cold front forces warm air above it, creating an unstable condition, due to surface friction an inversion is caused, moves with the front

Question 5

Squall line

Answer 5

Line of frontal ts

Question 6

Orographic ts

Answer 6

Air is pushed up due to geography of the land, creates instability, form in night and day, doesn’t move very much

Question 7

Features of the building stage

Answer 7

Updrafts, 20mins, 60/100kts vertical flows at 5000 ft per min, strong vertical currents, 30m/s

Question 8

Mature phase

Answer 8

Updrafts and downdrafts, precipitation, more latent heat due to rain, air cooled due to rain which increases down drafts, 100kts at about 10,000 ft per min, about 20 mins, gust fronts and micro bursts, lots of hazards

Question 9

Dissipating stage

Answer 9

Cloud base starts to evaporate, anvil remains, cold downdrafts, 1.5 to 2.5 hours, downdrafts kill off updrafts, still precipitation

Question 10

Supercell ts

Answer 10

Winds aloft push downdrafts away from updrafts, ts remains powerful, wind creates a spiral motion, shelf cloud at lower levels, tornados, covers a large area, only killed my a reduction in winds aloft, lasts for a few hours.

Question 11

Multi-cell ts

Answer 11

Multiple cells developing within an area

Question 12

MCAs

Answer 12

Mesoscale convective areas, groups and clusters of cu/cb developments, equatorial trough, can last 2-3 days and be 100 km across s