Trypanosoma

Question 1

Trypanosoma species are divides into 2 groups:

Answer 1

Stercoraria and salivaria

Question 2

Where does the life cycle finish in Stercoraria spp.:

Answer 2

In the caudal part of the vectors GIT

Question 3

Where does the life cycle finish in Salivaria spp.:

Answer 3

In the front part of the vectors GIT
-Travels to the salivary glands

Question 4

What is the type of transmission of Stercoraria spp.:

Answer 4

By the feces of the vector

Question 5

What is the type of transmission of Salivaria spp.:

Answer 5

Sucking of blood, by mouth of the vector
Except! T. equiperdum - Mechanically (copulation)

Question 6

What type of parasite are Stercoraria spp.: (Location)

Answer 6

Intracellular
-Macrophages
-Epithelial cells
-Muscle cells
-Neurons

Question 7

What type of parasite are Salivaria spp.: (Location)

Answer 7

Extracellular
-Plasma
-Lymph
-Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

What is the vector of Trypanosoma: Stercoraria spp.:

Answer 8

Rediviid bug (kissing bug), fleas…

Question 9

What is the vector of Trypanosoma: Salivaria spp.:

Answer 9

Tse Tse fly, Horsefly
No vector for T. Equiperdum - mechanical transmission

Question 10

What are the reservoirs for Stercoraria spp.:

Answer 10

Humans, Suis, Canine, Feline, armadillo, raccoon, opossum…

Question 11

What are the reservoirs of Salivaria spp.:

Answer 11

Rodents, ruminants, canine, feline
-Mice, rats, cow, sheep, goat, dog, cat ..

Question 12

What is the most important Stercoraria spp. and what disease does it cause:

Answer 12

Trypanosoma cruzi and it causes Chagas disease ((south/latin) American Trypanosomosis)

Question 13

What are the Stercoraria spp. for ruminants: (4)

Answer 13

Subgenus: Megatrypanum
* T. Theileri = Cattle, antelope v: Tabanus spp.
* T.cervi = Deer
* T. Melophagium = Sheep v: Sheep ked
Other
* T. Theodori = Goat v: Goat ked

Question 14

What are Stercoraria spp. for rodents: (2)

Answer 14

Subgenus: Herpetosoma
* T. Lewisi = Rat v: rat flea
* T. Musculi = Mouse v: flea

Question 15

What are Stercoraria spp. for birds: (5)

Answer 15

• T. Noctuae
• T. Paddae
• T. Gallinarum
• T. Numidae
• T. Hannai
  -v: mosquitos or dermanyssus avium

Question 16

What are the most important Salivaria spp. and what diseases do they cause:

Answer 16

• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes **Chronic sleeping sickness (West Africa Trypanosomosis)
  -Man, Monkey, Dog, Pigs v: Glossina spp.
• Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense causes **Acute sleeping sickness (East Africa Trypanosomosis)
  -Man and animals v: Glossina spp. (Tse Tse)

Question 17

What are some other Salivaria spp.: (9)

Answer 17

Subgenus: Trypanozoon
* T. brucei brucei = D: Nagana H: Eq, Su, Ru, Rodents v: Glossina spp.
Subgenus: Duttonella
* T. vivax = D:Nagana H: Eq, Ru v: Glossina spp.
* T. uniforme = H: Ru v: Glossina spp.
Subgenus: Nannomonas
* T. concolense = D: Nagana H: Eq, Ru v: Glossina spp.
* T. simiae = H: Su, Cap, Ov, Monkey v: Glossina spp.
Subgenus: Pycnomonas
* T. suis = H: Su v:horsefly
Other
* T. (brucei) evansi = D: Surra H: Eq, Ru, Dog v: Tabanus spp., Stomoxys spp., Bats: non-cyclic and Carnivores: per oral
* T. equinum = H: Eq, HD? v: Tabanus spp., Bats
* T. equiperdum = H: Eq v: intercourse-venereal transmission

Question 18

What are the 4 life cycle stages of Trypanosoma:

Answer 18

1. Amastigote
2. Promastigote
3. Epimastigote
4. Trypomastigote

Question 19

Describe Amastigote:

Answer 19

Oval with no flagellum

Question 20

Describe Promastigote:

Answer 20

Has an elongated shape, the kinetoplast is in front of the nucleus and has flagellum

Question 21

Describe Epimastigote:

Answer 21

Has an elongated shape, the kinetoplast is in front of the nucleus closely and the formation of undulating membrane has begun and flagellum

Question 22

Describe Trypomastigote:

Answer 22

Has an elongated shape, the kinetoplast is behind the nucleus with a fully formed undulating membrane and flagellum

Question 23

What is Kinetoplasts:

Answer 23

It is an unique form of mitochondrial DNA

Question 24

What is the Life cycle of Trypanosoma: Stercoraria spp.:

Answer 24

In the vector:
1. Vector (Reduviid bug) ingests blood from infected host
2. Trypomastigote enter the vectors intestine
3. It changes into Epimastigote and multiply by Binary fission (8-10 days)
4. Then change back to Trypomastigote and shed by feces of vector

In the host:
1. The infected feces on the host skin penetrates by skin lesions
2. Trypomastigote enters histocytes and changes to Amastigote
3. Intracellularly the Amastigote multiply by Binary fission that then transform back into **Trypomastigotes
4. Infected cell bursts where either the Trypomastigotes infect other cells or are ingested by a vector

After invading the blood stream Trypanosomes will migrate to the lymphatic system and later the CNS

Question 25

What is the Life cycle of Trypanosoma: Salivaria spp.:

Answer 25

In the vector:
1. The vector (Tsetse fly) ingests blood from infected host
2. Trypomastigotes travel to thee midgut of the vector, where they multiply by Binary fission
3. Trypomastigotes transform into Epimastigotes
4. Epimastigotes travel to the salivary glands of the vector and multiply by Binary fisson
5. Lastly they transform back into Trypomastigotes and are ready to infect the next host the vector will feed on

In the Host:
1. Vector injects the Trypomastigotes into the host while feeding
2. The Trypomastigotes multiply by Binary fission in blood, lymph and spinal fluid

Question 26

What is the Intermediate host for Trypanosmoma:

Answer 26

The vector
-Stercoraria e.g. Reduviid bug
-Salivaria e.g. Tsetse fly

Question 27

What are the Final hosts for Trypanosoma:

Answer 27

Mammals, depends on species

Question 28

What are the diagnostic methods of Trypanosoma:

Answer 28

1. Direct microscopy (direct blood smear or stained blood smear)
2. Concentration methods (microhaematocrit-centrifugation method or Buffy coat method)
3. Serological examination
4. PCR