Truman Flashcards
When was Truman born and where did he grow up?
1884
On a farm in Missouri
When did Truman become president?
April 1945 after Roosevelt died of a Haemorrhage
What did Roosevelt die of?
a haemorrhage
What did many Americans feel Truman symbolised?
The American dream
When was Truman’s first military success?
After the first world war in 1517
He proved to be a popular and effective soldier and captain
Roosevelt’s presidency
Described as ‘revolutionary’ in his promotion of large scale federal intervention into the economy and society.
Led the US successfully through 2 huge crises’ - the global depression + 2nd world war
Why did Truman have huge expectations to live up to?
Revolutionary presidency of Roosevelt + changed ideas on the role of the president - had promoted federal intervention into economy and society
Hard presidency for Truman to follow
What were Truman’s goals for his presidency mainly in? why is this ironic?
Domestic
Mainly known for his successes in foreign policy
Main domestic goals?
- Maintain economic boom generated by the war, expand the American dream and stimulate the economy
- Manage a smooth transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy
- Address the issues of poverty and unemployment through the continuation of Roosevelt’s ‘fair deal’ through his own ‘21 point plan’
How had America emerged from the war?
A worldwide superpower, America emerged as the wealthiest, most prosperous nation in the world
7% of the world’s population, 42% of it’s income
Improvements after the war (employment)
Already rich in natural resources such as iron, coal. Factories working at full speed to produce wartime materials and having millions of veterans serving in the war led to full time, well-paid employment meaning raised standards of living
What was America developing into post WW2?
More disposable income, consumer society
How much of the World’s manufactured goods was the US producing?
half
What did unemployment remain at during Truman’s presidency?
under 4%
How did other nations react to the American dream?
The envy of the world
Was the American dream a reality?
- Emerged from the war as the wealthiest, strongest power in the world
- 7% of world’s population and 42% of it’s income
- Depression of the 1930s had come to an end
- War had meant full, well-paid employment, Americans had more disposable income meaning America was developing into a consumer society
- America was producing half of the world’s manufactured goods
- Many countries envied the US, many were also financially dependent on the US through the Marshall plan
Evidence the American dream was not a reality?
- Racial inequality, increased acceptance of different white ethnic groups during the war, however, racial discrimination against African-Americans (14million) and Hispanics (1.2mill) in the South was entrenched into the law and society (GI bill didn’t apply to African Americans)
- Huge differences in wealth across the US, whilst the number of homeowners was dramatically increasing, as was Poverty
- Fear of communism
- Prejudice against religion - specifically Catholicism and Judaism
How had the war helped to accelerate the acceptance of different white ethnic groups?
wartime and post war Hollywood portrayed Polish, Italian and Irish soldiers as successful, patriotic men
What did Truman fear given the return of 12 million veterans?
US slipping back into a depression similar to the disaster of the 1930s
How did Truman deal with the problem of 12 million returning veterans?
- Employment act of 1945
- Federal Housing agency
- GI Bill
What did the employment act of 1945 do?
Designed to provide employment for returning veterans
The act was passed by congress but it didn’t go as far as to provide full employment
HOWEVER
Employment remained under 4% during Truman’s presidency
What was the federal housing agency used for?
Used to provide housing for returning veterans
However, progress was limited as Truman was unable to get a sufficient amount of money from congress to build public housing
What did the GI bill do?
Used to manage demobilisation of 12 million veterans
Provided veterans with 52 weeks of unemployment benefits
Provided veterans with loans for housing, education and businesses
Successful GI bill?
Successful - helped US economy to flourish, favourable by US public and easily passed by congress
HOWEVER
Wasn’t Truman’s initial idea as it was a continuation of Roosevelt’s GI bill of rights in 1944
Didn’t extend to African Americans
What was Truman’s GI bill a continuation of?
Roosevelt’s GI bill of rights, 1944
What did Truman’s fair deal involve?
practical methods to stimulate the US economy and promote the American dream
What were the measures suggested by Truman for the fair deal?
- Higher minimum wage
- Full employment programme
- larger security programme
- free healthcare system
How much did employment rise by under Truman?
46 million to 61 million
How much did the average income of Americans increase by under Truman?
40%
How much did social security extend by under Truman?
To 1 million more Americans
How many houses did the national housing act build and when was the act implemented?
1946
800,000 subsided, low-income homes
How much did the minimum wage increase by under Truman?
40 to 75 cents
What did Truman do for schools?
Established school lunch act of 1946 which provided free lunches for low income Americans
HOWEVER
Little done for education overall
Summary of successes of Truman’s fair deal
- social security extended to 1 million more Americans
- minimum wage rose by 40 to 75 cents
- 800,000 low income subsidised homes built through the national housing act of 1946
- Average income of American increased by 40%
- Employment rose from 46 mil to 61 mil
- school lunch act of 1946 provided free school lunches to low income Americans
What was the problem with Truman’s proposal for free healthcare?
Attacked by the American medical association as ‘socialised medicine’
Attacked by congress as a tax raising measure
Many Americans believed it was not the role of the government to tell people how to arrange their healthcare
Why did Truman do little for education?
Believed to be a state issue rather than a federal issue
Should’ve done more - increased problems in American schools
Main reason for the failure of the fair deal
Lacked the economic necessity Roosevelt’s new deal had given the circumstances of the global depression
For many Roosevelts new deal had gone far enough with improving the US economy
Why did Truman face so much opposition from congress?
they were making increased efforts to reduce the power of the presidency - when the president had more power, the power of congress reduced
What led to increased inflation levels?
Wartime supply demands led to full time, well-paid employment as well as GI bill which provided employment for returning veterans. Americans had more disposable income, this was pumped into the economy. Establishment of a consumer society led to increased demands for goods. American industries could not keep up with the increased demands for goods leading to a 25% inflation rate
Why did inflation levels have . huge impact on the lives of Americans?
Americans had a higher expectation for the quality of life after the war given the flourishing economy ww2 had generated
How did Truman attempt to deal with the problem of inflation?
Through the continuation of Roosevelt’s OPA
However
He faced opposition from right wing democrats and republicans in congress who wanted abolish the OPA and hand back control to businesses
He therefore proposed a price control bill in attempt to extend the life of the OPA - this was passed by congress but was so watered down that it became practically ineffective
Result of Trumans struggle to handle inflation levels
damaged his reputation significantly which led to the democrat defeat in the 1946 mid-term elections
What did Truman proposed after the OPA was rejected?
Price control bill - continuation of OPA. Passed by congress but was so watered down that it became practically ineffective
Why did employers reject pay rises to keep up with levels of inflation?
Businesses wanted to raise prices to keep up levels of inflation whilst also keeping wages low to maximise profits
What led to the strikes of 1946?
Employers rejecting pay rises to keep up with levels of inflation
What industries and workers did the strikes involve?
coal, steel, railroad
4.6 million workers
116 million working days lost
Event of Jan 1946 - strikes
800,000 steel workers went on strike
Event of April 1946 - strikes
400,000 coal miners went on strike
Why did Truman have no way in dealing with the strikes?
Congress had blocked all attempts truman had made to deal with inflation
How did Truman deal with the strikes of railroad workers?
threatened conscripting all railroad strikers and having the US army run the railroad industry
What kind of decisions was Truman’s conscription threat?
impulsive, dramatic - he had no other way of dealing with them
Result of Truman’s conscription threat
The railroad workers called off their strike before the conscription could be implemented
How did Truman deal with strikes of mine workers?
Took their union leader to court and in a rare occurrence won the court case
What did the republican controlled congress (1946 elections) implement?
Taft hartley act of 1946
What was the taft hartley act designed to do?
control the power of the unions
Results of taft hartley act
angered unions and damaged Truman’s reputation further. Truman attempted to veto the act, his veto was overruled by congress
How much did Truman win the 1948 presidential election by?
Defeated Thomas Dewey by over 2 million votes dewey
Other event of the 1948 presidential election
Democrats regained control over congress - Truman now hoped to implement social reform acts he had attempted to under the fair deal of 1945 ad 46
Who was Joseph McCarthy?
unknown senator from Wisconsin - political opportunist looking to increase his popularity
What did McCarthy use to increase his popularity?
Manipulated the increasing fear Americans had of communism
Why was McCarthy able to use the fear of communism to his advantage?
Able to manipulate the media
Had a supportive audience
Actions of Mccarthy
Announced he had a list of 205 suspected communists working for the US government in February 1550
From this, Mccarthy carried out a witch hunting campaign against the truman administration
Why did Mccarthy have the support of the US public?
Marshall plan and Truman doctrine had established communism as the enemy
Communists working for the US government gave the American people an explanation as to why the US hadn’t fully committed itself to containment in China and why China had been ‘lost’ to communism
ALSO Catholic church as McCarthy was a catholic himself and communism was considered to be atheistic
Key event in 1946 that proved US fear to communism
comic books such as captain America were changing their enemies from the Nazis to communists, with titles such as ‘captain America, commie smasher’
Why did Mccarthy have the support of the Catholic church?
Supported Mccarthy because he was catholic himself
Communism was considered to be atheistic
Critics of McCarthy
1950 - Tydings community looked into McCarthy’s accusations and called him a ‘fraud and a hoax’
Why were people scared to confront Mccarthy?
In fear of being accused of being communist himself - risked losing jobs, ruined lives