Henry VII Flashcards
Total population of England in 1485
3 million
Living conditions in 1485
90% in rural communities
People lived in small towns and cities with London being the most populated
Farming in 1485
Arable farming/ crop farming was extremely popular
Common land was divided into strips and distributed to tenants by the local landowner
Growing issue of enclosures - illegal fencing off of common land used for livestock farming - more profitable
Popular industry in 1485
Cloth industry
Brought in huge amounts of income for the crown from customs duties
80% of England’s exports
What was the ‘great chain of being’
Social status dominated society
Strict social hierarchy ordered by God with paupers at the bottom and god at the top
Who was the monarch chosen by?
Monarch chosen by and ruled under God
How much of land did the catholic church own?
1/3 - extremely influential and powerful. During the 15th century the catholic church was the most common land to be found across England
What was the pope known as?
‘God’s representative on earth’ He had supreme authority and decided on all religious and political matters
When was Henry VII born and when did he die?
Born - 1457
died - 1509
Mother and father of Henry VII?
Mother - Margaret Beaufort, gave birth to Henry at 13
Father - Edmund Tudor, died a few months before Henry’s birth of the plague
Where had Henry lived and spent his childhood?
Paris
Lived in exile for 14 years in Burgundy with his uncle Jasper Tudor
Why had he become the main Lancastrian claimant to the throne?
After various deaths in his family: both natural and unnatural during the war of the roses
How was Henry depicted?
Brave, fearless and determined (proved in BOB)
How did henry come to the throne?
Through snatching the crown from Richard III at the battle of Bosworth in August 1485.
He lived in constant fear the same thing would happen to him which was why he made controlling the power of the nobility and removing Yorkist threats to the throne a priority
Why did nobody expect Henry to be king for long?
the previous 4 monarchs had lived short reigns and had died from unnatural causes
Describe the events of the battle of bosworth
- Henry set sail from France on August 1st 1485 with a small army of French and English supporters which he had built up from his time living in Paris.
- Landed near Pembroke in Wales and started marching towards the English border.
- Gained support of the most powerful landowner in wales - Rhys Ap Thomas by promising to make him Lieutenant of Wales after his victory.
- By the 22nd of August Henry had built up a 5000 strong army which met Richard’s royal army at the battle of Bosworth field.
- The Earl of Northumberland, Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley were reluctant to support either side.
Richard III had taken Thomas Stanley’s son hostage in order to try and secure his loyalty, however towards the end of the battle after Henry’s standard bearer was killed and Richard came close to success. William Stanley turned against Richard, resulting in his death. - Henry dated his rule from the 21st of August 1485 and replaced a strongly disliked ruler
Patronage after the Battle of Bosworth
Thomas Stanley rewarded with the title of Earl of Derby , as well as Henry’s mothers hand in marriage.
William Stanley rewarded with title of Lord Chamberlain
Why did henry have an extremely weak claim to the throne?
- He had come to the throne through right of conquest after snatching the crown from Richard III - this did not secure loyalty to Henry nationally or internationally.
- his claim was through his Mother’s line - Margaret Beaufort who was a direct descendent of Edward III’s 3rd son John of Gaunt. the fact that it was through a female line of decent made his claim weaker than someone who could claim through a male line
- His claim was illegitimate as the children of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford had been born before they were married
- he had been living in exile for 14 years and had no experience in government or training as Prince
Yorkist threats to Henry
Edmund de la Pole’s 2 sons both had claims to the throne equally as valid as Henry
Earl of Warwick
Why was Margaret of Burgundy a threat?
She was the sister of Edward IV and had married the Duke of Burgundy putting her in an extremely powerful position.
Particularly concerning as Burgundy was a useful trading partner to England
She was extremely loyal to the House of York - demonstrated through her support to Perkin Warbeck
Advantages to Henry in 1485, when he first succeeds the throne
- Proved himself an effective leader and a successful soldier through defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth
- No rivals within his own family and had good relations with France (had spent part of his childhood living in Paris and had received support from France at the BOB)
- Years in exile had taught him valuable lessons on how to survive
What were Henry’s 3 main goals when succeeding the throne?
- To strengthen the government and gain control of the nobility
- To strengthen the Tudor dynasty by improving royal finances
- To establish his right to the throne
Why was the coronation of a new monarch significant and what did it involve?
Coronation signified the approval of the church, and therefore the approval of God. It involved the nobility swearing upon an oath of loyalty to the King - significant as the nobility and the monarch must work effectively alongside each other for a successful rule
When did Henry’s coronation take place and why did he choose this date?
October 1485
- A week before parliament met, so nobody could say parliament helped him become king
- Before his marriage to Elizabeth of York, so nobody could say his wife helped him become King
When did Henry marry Elizabeth of York, and what was the significance of this?
January 1486
Elizabeth was the daughter of Edward IV, their marriage symbolised the unification of the Lancastrian and Yorkist families
However, success can be questioned - ended up dividing the Yorkist family
When was Prince Arthur born, and what was the significance of this?
September 1486
Created a future for the Tudor dynasty and helped establish a sense of permanence for the changes that had occurred in 1485
When did he date his reign from and what was the advantage of this?
21st of August 1485, the day before he won the BOB
He could treat Richard’s supporters as traitors and imprisoned Yorkists with a better claim to the throne than him - Earl of Warwick was imprisoned in the tower of London up until 1499 when he tried to escape.
Also stripped lands and titles of Nobles whose loyalties he suspected.
How did Henry’s handling of the nobility after coming to the throne gain him further support?
Although he used acts of attainder to strip the land and titles of nobles whose loyalty he suspected, he treated many with leniency and rewarded his supporters through patronage. He granted Thomas Stanley the title of Earl of derby and William Stanley Lord Chamberlain in return for their support at the BOB.
Overall: How did he establish his right to rule?
Strategic and cunning with how he dated his reign and how he dealt with his opponents - making sure nobody had a reason to protest against his right to rule
Why were the nobility a threat?
- Yorkist sympathisers, could potentially support Yorkist pretenders to the throne e.g. Earl of Warwick
- Powerful and were extremely arrogant
Why did Henry need the support of the nobility?
A cooperative relationship between the monarch and the nobility was key to a successful, effective monarchy.
- They had experience in Government and Henry did not, because of his 14 years in exile
- Henry had an extremely weak claim to the throne - he needed all the support he could get
- Helped maintain law and order - parts of England during this period of time, particularly those furthest from London were proving difficult to control
- Provided the armed forces
What two methods did Henry use to gain control over the nobility, and why was gaining control over the nobility difficult?
Controlling the nobility proved to be Henry’s biggest domestic challenge. He rewarded them to ensure their loyalty, however, this was difficult to do whilst also trying to control their power and arrogance. He was therefore more inclined to force them to support him through threats and punishments.
How did Henry reward the nobility in order to gain their support?
Through Patronage which involved giving out lands and titles
How did Henry force the nobility to support him through threats and punishments?
- Acts of attainder - acts that led to a family losing the right to it’s possess land, these were frequently used at the start of his reign to punish Richard III’s supporters. These acts could be reversed through good behaviour or payments.
during his reign 138 acts of attainder were passed, and by the end of his reign Henry was known as the largest landowner in England - bonds and recognisances - written agreements and formal acknowledgments that if a service was not carried out a sum of money would be paid.
Henry established the council learned in law in order to enforce bonds and recognisances
By the end of his reign 2/3 of nobles were held under bonds - Crown lands - Henry was determined to bring back as much land as he could to the crown. The act of resumption of 1486 recovered all land lost since 1455.
- Feudal Dues - involved Henry asserting his feudal rights over the nobility and receiving a sum of money as they inherited land
- Laws were passed in 1485 and 1504 that required nobles to have a license for retaining. Retaining involved nobles recruiting small armies of their own supporters which would increase their power significantly.
These acts didn’t just deal with the Nobility - benefitted crown’s finances and increased the amount of land Henry owned
What were the acts of attainder?
Acts that led a family to lose the right to possess its land
How many acts of attainder were passed during henry’s reign?
138
What were bonds and recognisances?
Written agreements/ formal acknowledgements that if a service was not carried out a sum of money would be paid
How did Henry enforce bonds and recognisances?
Through the council learned in law - acted as a royal debt collector
How many Nobles were held under bonds by the end of Henry’s reign?
2/3
What was the act of resumption and when was it passed?
1486 - recovered all lost lands since 1455
What were feudal dues?
Helped Henry establish his feudal rights over the nobility and involved Henry receiving a sum of money as they inherited land
What was Retaining and how did Henry control it?
Nobles would recruit small armies of supporters who would carry out tasks for them such as putting pressure on tenants to pay rents.
Henry controlled retaining through acts passed in 1485 and 1504 which meant nobles now required a license for retaining
Retaining increased the power of the nobility significantly.
What were justices of the peace responsible for?
- controlling public order
- Making sure laws were implemented
- Bringing justice to criminals
How often did justices of the peace meet?
4 times a year - so they could try people for more serious crimes (all except treason, which was left to the crown)
Why did parliament hardly ever meet during Henry’s reign?
They had a minor role in political affairs as Henry believed all power derived from the monarch
Role of parliament?
Met infrequently and only ever in the interests of the King
- passed laws
- granted Henry additional taxes
- so henry could keep his subjects in control - granted acts of attainder
What did parliament run under?
Decrees and proclamations
How many men in Henry’s royal council?
227
Role of the royal council?
Consisted of Henry’s most trusted, loyal supporters and would give Henry advice
included Reginald Bray and John Morton
Main reason for rebellion against Henry
Henry came to the throne in August 1485 through right of conquest, this weakened Henry’s claim and didn’t guarantee loyalty to him nationally or internationally.
Rebellions at home used to challenge Henry’s right to rule and in attempt to overthrow Henry with Yorkist claimants.
Describe the events of the Lambert Simnel rebellion
Lambert simnel was a 10 year old boy born in Oxford. He was taught by his teacher Richard Symonds to claim himself as Richard, duke of York. He later decided it would be more believable to pass himself as the Earl of Warwick who had been locked in the Tower of London. Symonds and Simnle gained support from Margaret of Burgundy who provided the rebellion with 2000 rebels, the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Lincoln which increased the threat of the rebellion significantly. Henry responded by presenting the Earl of Warwick to the public in order to demonstrate the falseness of Symond’s claims. Simnel’s army arrived in Ireland in May 1487, they marched North however, gained little support. They then turned South and met henry’s royal army in East Stoke. Symond’s army was easily crushed at what was known as the ‘last battle of the war of the roses’. Henry recognised Simnel had very little involvement in the claims to be the Earl of Warwick and was therefore spared and made a royal servant. Symonds was spared because of his role as a priest - demonstrated leniency which gained him support.
When was the Lambert Simnel rebellion?
May 1547
Who was Lambert Simnel?
a 10 year old boy from Oxford who had been taught by his teacher, Richard Symonds to claim himself as the Earl of Warwick
Who did Richard Symonds and Lambert Simnel have support from?
The Earl of Kildare, the Earl of Lincoln and Margaret of Burgundy (provided them with a 2000 strong army)
How did henry deal with Simnel and Symonds after their defeat?
Sympathetic and showed leniency by recognising Simnel had little involvement in the claims to be the earl of Warwick and made him a royal servant.
Spared Symonds due to his role as a priest
Describe the events of the Perkin Warbeck rebellion
The Perkin warbeck rebellion was extremely long and far more threatening than the lambert simnel rebellion of 1447. It lasted from 1491-99. Perkin Warbeck was aged 17 and currently working as a royal servant, he had claimed to be Richard Duke of York - one of the princes locked in the tower. He gained support through the Earl of Kildare, Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian (the most powerful man in Europe), Margaret of Burgundy (who was claiming Perkin Warbeck was her nephew), Charles VIII of France and James IV of Scotland (who was supplying Warbeck with a pension of £1200 a year to fund the rebellion). The rebellion ended up being a disaster as Warbeck failed to gain support from locals and he ended up turning himself in. Since Henry had achieved what he wanted he took mercy upon Warbeck and allowed him to remain in court up until 1498 when he tried to escape. He was then imprisoned in the tower of London up until 1499 when he was executed for attempting to escape again with the Earl of warwick.
Who did Perkin Warbeck have support from?
Margaret of Burgundy, Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian, Earl of Kildare, Charles VIII of France, James IV of Scotland
Why did Charles VIII lose interest in supporting Warbeck?
He redirected his attention towards invading Italy, his support was later fully withdrawn after the treaty of etaples was signed in 1492
Why was support from the Holy Roman Emperor less effective than it was thought to be?
He was too busy with affairs in Italy to offer significant amounts of support, he was also far less powerful than people believed him to be
How did Margaret of Burgundy help Warbeck?
Through claiming he was her nephew
How did henry respond to Maragaret of Burgundy’s claims that Warbeck was her nephew?
He cut off trade links with Flanders in 1493.
It is clear Henry felt extremely threatened by this move, the cloth industry was brought in huge amounts of revenue for the crown through customs duties and involved 80% of England’s exports
What did issuing a trade embargo in 1493 with Flanders show?
Removing Yorkist threats to the throne and establishing his right to rule was a main priority.
He lived in constant fear of being overthrown by conquest - just as he had done to Richard
How did James IV support Warbeck?
Through a pension of £1200 a year which he used to finance the rebellion
James IV also married Warbeck to a rich Scottish Heiress
Why did the Perkin Warbeck rebellion fail?
he failed to gather local support and ended up turning himself in
When was Scottish support withdrawn from Warbeck?
Treaty of Ayton in 1497
Why did Henry prefer peace over war?
By nature
Recognised the huge amounts of debt war and an expensive foreign policy had left previous kings in
What were henry’s goals in foreign policy?
- To maintain peace and avoid war
- To improve trade
- Form alliances and have foreign monarchs accept him as king
- Prevent international support for pretenders to the throne
Describe the events of the ‘Breton crisis’
The Breton Crisis was the first major issue for Henry in foreign policy and was the first time he committed troops outside the British isles.
Charles VIII had arranged plans to annex Brittany through the marriage to Anne of Brittany and have Brittany under French control.
In 1488 the Duke of Brittany arranged a marriage alliance between the Holy Roman Emperor and Anne, however, Charles VIII ignored these arrangements and sent a force to Brittany.
Henry felt morally obliged to support Brittany given the fact that he had spent 14 years in exile there as well as the fact that if the French gained control of Brittany the South coast of England would be in a military weaker position, trade would be disrupted and Calais which was currently under English control would be seen as more vulnerable.
Henry was also careful not to upset the French. Anglo-french relations were strong and they had supported Henry in his initial conquest to fight for the English throne. He was also aware France was an extremely strong power and could easily show support to Yorkist pretenders to the English throne.
He therefore decided to start by making peaceful negotiations with France whilst secretly allowing British troops to enter Brittany. This plan failed so parliament was summoned to provide £100,000 to finance a small army of about 4000 men.
Henry invaded France in 1492, whilst also making it clear he was invading in defence of Brittany rather than against the french. However, this did not satisfy Charles and he acted back harshly through showing his support to Perkin Warbeck. Henry reacted through tripling the amount of English troops in France leading to Charles withdrawing from the war. France did not want a long, hard war with England as they were becoming increasingly eager to invade Italy.
The two countries therefore came to a peace agreement in 1492, the treaty of Etaples. The treaty involved Henry’s army leaving France in return for 745,000 crowns, French withdrawal from supporting Perkin Warbeck and the acceptance of Henry as the rightful ruler of England. However, Brittany did not remain independent.
What was special about the Breton crisis?
It was the first time Henry ever committed troops outside of the British Isles
Why did Henry support Brittany?
He felt morally obliged to do so, he had spent 14 years in exile here
Also, if France gained control over Brittany the South coast of England would be weakened militarily significantly, trade would be disrupted and Calais which was currently under English control would be seen as more vulnerable
Why was Henry careful not to annoy France?
Initial Anglo-French relations were good, they had supported him in the battle of Bosworth and had helped him in his claim to the English throne. France was extremely powerful and had the ability to support Yorkist pretenders to the throne.
Was the Breton crisis a success for Henry?
YES
- Henry’s friendship with France maintained through treaty of etaples
- French support for Perkin Warbeck withdrawn
- Charles VIII had now accepted Henry as the rightful ruler of England
- Hadn’t been financially draining on the crown, the treaty of etaples had involved the pay back of 745,000 crowns to England from France
NO
- French power had increased significantly
When was the treaty of etaples agreed and what did it involve?
- French withdrawal from supporting Warbeck
- Acceptance of Henry VII as rightful King
- English withdrawal from France in exchange for 745,000 crowns
Explain the situation in Scotland for Henry
Scotland had been England’s traditional enemy, they had been at war since 1328. Henry wanted peace with Scotland and arranged for a 7 year peace treaty with James III. Unfortunately James was murdered soon afterwards and relations between James IV and Henry became more difficult after James IV offered his support to Perkin Warbeck by giving him a pension of £1200 a year as well as marrying him to a rich Scottish Heiress. However, by 1497 James began to lose interest in Warbeck after he failed to gain support from commoners. They therefore agreed to the treaty of Ayton in 1497 which involved the acceptance of Henry as the rightful King of England and all Scottish support for Warbeck was to be withdrawn. The treaty of Ayton became a full peace treaty in 1502 and was established through the marriage between Henry’s sister Margaret and James IV.
What were traditional Anglo-Scottish relations like?
Traditional enemies - had been at war since 1328
How did James IV offer Warbeck support?
Through a £1200 pension each year and marriage to a rich Scottish heiress
When did Anglo-Scottish relations start deteriorating again?
After the death of James III relations between Henry and James IV became increasingly difficult
How long was the peace treaty with James III?
7 years
What year was the treaty of Ayton and what did it involve?
1497
Scotland would accept Henry as the rightful King of England, withdrawal of all support for Perkin Warbeck.
Established as a full peace treaty in 1502 through the marriage between James and Henry’s sister Margaret
What was the most significant foreign policy achievement of Henry’s reign?
The treaty of Medina del Campo in 1501 with Spain
Explain the situation with Spain
Anglo-Spanish relations were strong, both shared suspicions on the rising power of the French. The treaty of Medina del campo was established in 1501 which agreed if either country was at war with France, the other would help and intervene, the alliance also involved improved trade links. The treaty was established through the marriage of Henry’s son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. Unfortunately for Henry Arthur died in 1502, he quickly proposed his second son Henry VIII for the match, however, French-Spanish relations were improving and Ferdinand was demanding better conditions for the treaty. Fortunately for Henry he managed to save the situation and in 1503 he managed to secure an anti-French alliance with Spain, the Netherlands and England.
When was the treaty of Medina del campo established and what did it involve?
1501
England and Spain would unite as an anti-French alliance meaning they would both intervene and provide support if the other was at war with France.
Improvements in trade
Why did the situation become difficult in Spain for Henry?
Arthur died - 1502
French-Spanish relations were improving
Ferdinand was demanding better conditions for the marriage treaty
How did Henry save the deteriorating situation with Spain?
In 1503 he arranged for the Netherlands, Spain and England to unite as an anti-French alliance
Traditional Anglo-Burgundian relations?
Burgundy was another of England’s traditional enemies and they had ties with the Yorkist family, Margaret of Burgundy was Edward IVs sister
Importance of Burgundy in England
England had extremely significant trade links with the low countries - including the Netherlands, Flanders and Belgium
Explain the situation in Burgundy
Burgundy was another of England’s traditional enemies. Relations worsened between the two after holy Roman Emperor Maximillian (seen as the most powerful man in Europe) and Margaret of Burgundy both offered their support to Perkin Warbeck after claiming he was Richard Duke of York. Burgundy had ties with the Yorkist family as Margaret was the sister of the previous Yorkist monarch, Edward IV. They were therefore bound to support a Yorkist return to the English throne. Henry saw the support offered by Burgundy to Perkin Warbeck so threatening that he issued a trade embargo with the low countries despite the fact that the cloth trade was thriving in England and brought in huge amounts of extraordinary revenue through customs duties, cloth was also 80% of English exports. The trade embargo damaged Burgundy’s economy significantly and by 1496 Holy roman emperor Maximillian was forced to sign the intercursus magnus agreement with England which was designed to improve trade links. from 1496 English-Burgundian relations started to improve.
What was the intercursus magnus agreement and when and why was it signed?
signed in 1496
Burgundian economy significantly declining after Henry issued a trade embargo with Burgundy after Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian and Margaret of Burgundy expressed their support for Perkin Warbeck’s claim to be the Yorkist claimant to the throne, Richard Duke of York.
Treaty designed to improve trade links between England and the low countries. England could now trade freely with all the low countries apart from Flanders
How did Burgundy have links to the Yorkist family?
Margaret was Edward IVs sister
How did Henry attempt to improve English trade?
- Navigation acts of 1486 - encouraged the use of English ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships e.g. English ships would now carry French wines from France
- Act passed in 1489 which limited the export of English wool and made it illegal for foreigners to buy wool. By the end up Henry’s reign wool exports were 30% lower than they had been in the beginning
- Intercursus magnus agreement of 1496 encouraged trade between England and the low countries. England could now trade freely with all the low countries apart from Flanders
When were the Navigation acts passed and what did they involve?
1486
Encouragement of English ships to transport goods e.g. French wines were now being transported using English ships
How successful had Henry’s foreign policy been?
successful
- alliance formed with Spain,
- able to force many countries to retract support they had for Yorkist pretenders - Scotland, France
- Increased strength and reputation of England
- Primarily managed to maintain peace (apart from Breton crisis)
- improved trade links - better economic situation for England and a thriving cloth trade
unsuccessful
- Brittany had not remained independent, weakened military of south coast of England, Calais could now be seen as more vulnerable
Who managed finances through Henry’s reign?
Beginning - the Exchequer and the treasury
However, they proved to be ineffective
Later in his reign - followed Edward IV’s example in using the chamber and privy chamber to handle finances
Henry’s opinion towards royal finances
Henry took a personal interest in royal finances and improving the financial situation of the crown was a main priority for him.
He was clever and cautious with his spendings and recognised the primary reason for debt for previous monarchs had been to do with being involved in war and having an expensive foreign policy. He therefore made sure to prioritise peace over war.
Although he was cautious with spendings he would not hesitate to spend money if it was to enhance his image of Kingship.
He used his legal rights to claim special payments from nobles - this would help control the nobility and improve the financial situation of the crown. However, he was prepared to reverse these claims to gain support and ensure the loyalty of nobles.
By the end of Henry’s reign how thicc was his income?
20 times that of his wealthiest noble
What were Henry’s methods of income through ordinary revenue?
- Crown lands
- Customs duties
- Legal dues
- Feudal dues
What were Henry’s methods of income through extraordinary revenue?
- Bonds and recognisances
- Clerical taxes
- Parliamentary taxes
- Loans
How did henry increase the crown’s revenue through crown lands?
When he became king he inherited all lands held by Lancastrian and Yorkist families Henry was less inclined to distribute lands to members of his family or his supporters than other monarchs, including Edward IV. This was so he could increase his power and his income from the amount of land he owned.
He frequently used acts of attainder on members of the nobility to control their power, the acts would remove a families right to possess it’s land and hand it over to the King. (138 passed during his reign)
1486 act of resumption - reclaimed all lost crown lands since the start of the war of the roses (1455)
By the end of Henry’s reign he was known as the largest land owner in England
How did Henry increase the crown’s revenue through feudal dues?
Henry exploited his legal rights to demand money from the nobility through feudal dues and would use them to ensure good behaviour.
Involved Henry asserting his feudal rights over the nobility and receiving a sum of money when they would inherit land.
How did Henry increase the crown’s revenue through customs duties?
Customs duties were a sum of money inherited from goods such as wool, leather or wine entering or leaving the country.
Henry tried to maximise customs duties through maximising trade - through navigation acts (1486), intercursus magnus (1496) etc
By the end of his reign the amount of money customs duties brought the crown had rose by £7000
How did Henry increase the crown’s revenue through Legal dues?
He increased the use of fines and attainder in the King’s court
How did Henry increase the crown’s income through bonds and recognisances?
Bonds and recognisances were written agreements or formal acknowledgements that if a service was failed to be carried out by a member of the nobility, a sum of money would be made.
They were used to control the power of the nobility and ensure their loyalty.
The council learned in law was established by Henry to act as a royal debt collector and enforce bonds and recognisances
How did Henry use loans to increase the crown’s income?
Henry had a legal right to request loans in emergency circumstances - he established the council learned in law that acted as a royal debt collector to help enforce these rights
How did Henry use clerical taxes to help increase the crown’s income?
Clerical taxes were special taxes he could request from the church
How did Henry use parliamentary taxes to help increase the crown’s income?
Henry had the right to request money from parliament in emergency circumstances. For example during the ‘Breton crisis’ in 1492 Henry was able to make a special request to parliament for £100,000 to help raise a small army of 4000 to invade France.
This method of extraordinary revenue was avoided due to it being unpopular because of raised taxation.
When was the Yorkshire rebellion?
1489
Causes of the Yorkshire rebellion?
Parliament granted H £100,000 to deal with the Breton crisis
Yorkshire faced extreme economic instability - especially with bad Harvests
Couldn’t afford to pay further taxation
When was the Cornish rebellion?
1496
Causes of the Cornish rebellion?
Cornish resented raised taxation for war with Scotland, believed it wasn’t their role to finance a war in Scotland
When Earl of Northumberland was sent to collect taxes, he was murdered by the rebels
