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History > Mary I > Flashcards

Mary I Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Edward get tuberculosis

A

January 1553

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2
Q

Under what terms was Mary next in line to the throne?

A

1544 succession act

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3
Q

Why did Northumberland not want Mary to inherit the throne?

A
  • Would threaten his high position of power
  • Mary was a devoted catholic - all religious polices implemented after 1550 would be repealed e.g. the common book of prayer
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4
Q

What was Northumberland establishing LJG as the next claimant to the throne primarily to do with?

A

Maintaining his position of power - he didn’t have extreme protestant beliefs and was thought to have implemented religious change for political gain rather than personal gain

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5
Q

How did Northumberland establish LJG as next in line to the throne?

A

Through using Mary’s illegitimacy after Henry’s divorce to Catherine of Aragon as well as laws established by Henry VIII used to break the country away from the Catholic faith

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6
Q

Who was lady jane grey

A

Henry VIII’s great niece

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7
Q

Who did Northumberland have the support of to establish Lady Jane Grey as the next heir to the throne ?

A

Edward VI - protestant

Initially the privy council

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8
Q

What did Mary do when she heard of Edward’s illness?

A

Started travelling towards Greenwich to see her dying brother.
However, when she learnt of Northumberland’s plans to arrest her she fled to East Anglia

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9
Q

What was Northumberland’s plans for when Mary was to visit Edward?

A

To arrest her with the goal to prevent her gaining support for her claim to the English throne

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10
Q

Where did Mary flee to when she heard of Northumberland’s plans to arrest her?

A

East Anglia

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11
Q

Why was Northumberland unpopular in East Anglia?

A

Led the royal army in 1549 and dispersed rebels involved in the Kett rebellion

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12
Q

Why did Mary have lots of support for her succession?

A

People respected her claim to the throne and believed she had the right to the throne by God’s choice

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13
Q

When did Edward die?

A

6th July 1553

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14
Q

Why was Edward’s sudden death a problem for Northumberland?

A

He hadn’t had time to prepare for Lady Jane Grey’s succession

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15
Q

What did Northumberland do immediately after Edward’s death

A

quickly acted and sent troops to East Anglia - extremely risky (he was hated here)

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16
Q

How did Northumberland lose support whilst in East Anglia?

A
  • Many supported and respected Mary’s legal right to the English throne, saw her as God’s rightful choice of ruler
  • Many troops Northumberland had brought to East Anglia ended up switching sides
  • Whilst Northumberland had left London (the heart of government) the privy council had switched sides and expressed their respect for Mary as the rightful ruler of England
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17
Q

Why had the privy council initially supported Northumberland’s desire?

A

It had been Edward VI’s wishes

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18
Q

When was Mary declared queen?

A

19th July 1553

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19
Q

What was Lady Jane Grey known as?

A

The 9 day queen

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20
Q

How did Mary treat her pretenders at the start of the reign?

A

Executed Northumberland
Respected LJG’s lack of involvement in Northumberland’s actions so spared her life (she was later executed after her father’s involvement in Wyatt rebellion, also because Mary saw her as a slight hope for protestants)

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21
Q

What did Mary interpret her popularity at her succession to be to do with?

A

People rejoicing and welcoming the return of Catholicism

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22
Q

Why did Mary actually have support at her succession?

A

To do with opposition of LJG and Northumberland and people respected her as God’s rightful choice of ruler

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23
Q

What did Mary fail to understand?

A

The extent the Edwardian reformation had gone to.

She believed protestantism lacked the deep historic roots in English culture that Catholicism had to be permanent

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24
Q

2 reasons Mary was hated throughout her reign

A
  1. Failed to understand a slow, moderate religious reform was needed - protestantism successfully implemented during E’s reign
  2. Marriage to foreigner Phillip of Spain
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25
Q

What was Mary’s main aim

A

To reinstate the catholic doctrine as the basis for the faith of the English church

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26
Q

when did parliament first meet?

A

October 1553

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27
Q

What act did parliament pass in Oct 1553?

A

first act of repeal

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28
Q

What did the first act of repeal involve?

A

Reversed all protestant reform policies implemented during Edward’s reign.
English church had been restored to how it had been under the act of 6 articles at the end of Henry’s reign

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29
Q

What did Mary’s advisors recommend after the first act of repeal?

A

Advised for Mary not to be to ambitious in fear of protestant radicals rebelling - they recognised a slow, cautious religious reformation would be needed

30
Q

Key event of 1554

A

November 1554 - return of Catholic exile Cardinal Pole who had lived in Catholic Europe for most of Edward’s reign.
Made Mary feel more secure and increased her confidence in putting forward a second act of repeal

31
Q

When was the second act of repeal passed?

A

January 1555

32
Q

What did the second act of repeal involve?

A

Reversing all religious reformation from 1529. This included the act of supremacy of 1534. The pope had been re-established as supreme head of the church.

33
Q

When were Heresy laws reinstated?

A

February 1555

34
Q

What did the heresy laws of February 1555 state?

A

Stated there would be serious punishments if people refused to accept Catholicism.
Used Heresy laws to burn protestant heretics at the stake

35
Q

How did Mary attempt to re-establish relations between England and the Catholic faith?

A

Through prioritising improving the education of priests

Through distributing the new prayer book and the bible

36
Q

How did Mary remove protestant influences in the church?

A

Through arresting Protestant leading churchmen including Archbishop Cranmer
Within a year of her reign all protestant influences had been stripped from the clergy

37
Q

Where did Mary burn protestants?

A

In their local communities - she did this as a warning to others

38
Q

What did Mary claim the purpose of burning protestants was?

A

To ‘cleanse’ the country of protestantism

39
Q

How many protestant heretics did Mary burn through her reign?

A

At least 300

40
Q

When was Thomas Cranmer burnt at the stake?

A

1554

41
Q

Why shouldn’t Thomas Cranmer have been killed?

A

He had agreed to recant his protestant beliefs

42
Q

Real reasons Mary probably killed Cranmer

A

He had been the man to grant Henry VIII the divorce from her mother, Catherine of Aragon.
He had been involved in claiming Mary’s illegitimacy.
He was also a centre influence for the protestant reformation during Edward’s reign

43
Q

Where was Thomas Cranmer burnt?

A

centre of Oxford

44
Q

Alternative cause of the burnings?

A

Rather than scaring people into being catholic, could be argued popularity of Protestantism increased - people started question what was so special about protestantism that people were willing to die for it

45
Q

At what age did Mary inherit the throne? and why was this a concern?

A

37
She would have a short reign - needed an heir so Catholicism survived beyond her reign and her protestant half-sister Elizabeth didn’t inherit the throne

46
Q

Why was marrying a priority for Mary?

A

Needed to produce an heir for the survival of the catholic religion so her protestant sister Elizabeth didn’t inherit the throne

47
Q

How did Mary go about planning a marriage?

A

Her mother was Catherine of Aragon - she had many close, Spanish relatives. Without consulting the privy council, she organised with Simon Renard an imperial ambassador that she would marry the Spanish heir to the throne, Phillip of Spain

48
Q

Who was Simon Renard?

A

An imperial ambassador

49
Q

Opposition to Mary’s marriage?

A

Privy council - feared the reaction of France
Phillip was Catholic, protestants feared Phillip would aid Mary in her complete protestant reformation of England
Many feared a Spanish government, as well as this because Phillip was the heir to the Spanish throne many feared the needs of the Spanish would now be prioritised over English needs

50
Q

When did Mary marry Phillip?

A

July 1554

51
Q

How did Mary limit Phillip’s power in England?

A

Gave Phillip the title of King but not the powers associated with being King
Phillip also did not have any claim to the English throne in the event of Mary’s death

52
Q

How was Mary more committed to the marriage than Phillip?

A

More for political benefit of Spain - English army aided the war against France in 1547
Once Phillip inherited the title of King of Spain in 1546 he visited Mary just once over the year

53
Q

When was the Wyatt rebellion?

A

February 1554 - when stirrings of Mary’s marriage to Phillip first arised

54
Q

who was the leader of the Wyatt rebellion?

A

Thomas Wyatt a member of the gentry in Kent

55
Q

Main causes of the Wyatt rebellion?

A

Anti-Catholic

Anti-Spanish

56
Q

Subsidiary causes of the rebellion

A

Economic reasons - rebellion started in Kent, Kent had experienced a huge decline in the cloth industry resulting in economic hardships

57
Q

Goals of the rebels in the Wyatt rebellion

A

To overthrow Mary and replace her with Edward Courtenay. Edward Courtenay would marry princess to strengthen his claim to the throne

58
Q

Why did the Wyatt rebellion fail?

A

Government spies were aware of the stirrings of the rebellion extremely early on
Edward Courtenay ended up confessing resulting in the rebellion having to take place earlier than planned
Only 1 of the 4 planned uprisings actually happened as they had all failed to gain support.

59
Q

Which of the 4 uprisings actually happened -

A

The uprising led by Wyatt in Kent he had managed to raise an army of 3000 - they marched to London

60
Q

Why did Wyatt have to surrender?

A

He marched to London with an army of 3000 however when he reached London he failed to gain support and the rebellion collapsed within a week

61
Q

How long did it take for the rebellion to collapse?

A

a week

62
Q

Where were the 4 rebellions planned?

A

Kent, Devon, Leicestershire, Welsh border

63
Q

How thicc was the army that Wyatt raised?

A

3000

64
Q

Evidence Wyatt rebellion was threatening

A

Rebels reached London
Goal to overthrow Mary with Edward Courtenay, who would marry Elizabeth
International involvement - French would protect the English border so the hapsburgs could not help Mary

65
Q

How did the Wyatt rebellion have international involvement?

A

French would blockade the English border and prevent the Hapsburgs from helping Mary

66
Q

Evidence the Wyatt rebellion wasn’t a serious threat

A

Lasted a week - Western had lasted 6
Only 1 out of 4 uprisings actually happened
Government spies aware of uprisings
Only involved 3000 rebels - Kett had involved 16,000

67
Q

Mary’s foreign policy

A

Pressure from Phillip to declare war on France
Spain and England invaded France in 1547 and were victorious at the battle of Saint Quentin
France had recovered within a year and seized Calais from English possession. Spain were too financially drained to assist England

68
Q

When did England declare war on France?

A

1547

69
Q

What battle were Spain and England victorious at?

A

The battle of Saint Quentin

70
Q

Why was the loss of Calais humiliating for England?

A

The last English possession of land that belonged to the medieval empire involving England and half of France

71
Q

When were the bad harvests ?

A

1555-57

72
Q

When was the plague?

A

1556

History (10 decks)

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