Tropical Diseases Flashcards
what should you ask in a history of a returning traveller with a fever
where? accommodation?
when did the go/ come back/ get ill (incubation period)?
bites?
symptoms?
anyone else unwell?
what did they do? (Swimming/water sports/animal contact/bat caves/walking in bush/sex/work) ?
What precautions did they take (vaccinations/malaria prophylaxis/bite protection/condoms)?
what can cause a fever in a returned traveller
Respiratory tract infections – pneumonia/influenza
Traveler’s diarrhoea
Malaria
Enteric fever (typhoid/paratyphoid fever)
Arboviruses – Dengue/Chikungunya
what is acute travellers diarrhoea
3 loose stool in 24hrs, usually self limiting
what are the common causes of travellers diarrhoea
E. coli, camptlobacter, salmonella, shigella
what are the symptoms of dysentery and what causes it
bloody diarrhoea- e. coli 0157, amoebic colitis
what are the symptoms of cholera
profuse, watery (rice water) diarrhoea
how should acute travellers diarrhoea be managed
investigations: stool culture
treatment: fluids
gastroenteritis= no treatement
bloody diarrhoea with systemic upset= treatment
fluoroquinolone single dose maybe
what is enteric fever
typhoid or paratyphoid fever
what are the symptoms of enteric fever
fever,
non specific: headache, constipation, dry cough
what are the severe complications of enteric fever
GI bleeding, GI perforation, encephalopathy, bone and joint infection
who gets enteric fever
people returning from indian subcontinent and SE asia
what causes enteric fever
salmonella typhi or paratyphi
what can cause pre-hepatic jaundice
malaria, HUS as a complication of diarrhoeal illness
what can cause hepatic jaundice
hepatitis A and B, malaria, enteric fever
what can cause post hepatic jaundice
ascending cholangitis and helminths
what causes amoebiasis and how is it spread
a protozoa- entamoeba histolytica, faecal oral spread
what are the symptoms of amoebic dysentry
abdominal pain, fever, bloody diarrhoea/ colitis, abdominal tenderness, peritonism, toxic megacolon
what are the symptoms of amoebic liver abscess
fever, sweats, upper abdominal pain, dysenery, hepatomegaly, point tenderness over right lower ribs
what is the presentation of giardiasis
watery malodorous diarrhoea, bloating flatulence, abdominal cramps, weight loss
what causes giardiasis
Giardia intestinalis (lamblia), flagellated protozoa
what immune cell is often associated with helminth parasitic infections
eosinophilia
give 3 examples of parasitic helminths
nematodes (roundworms)
trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)
what type of infection is schistomiasis
trematode helminth infection
