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CSC3019 - Translational Medical Science > Trigger 1: Sarcopenia > Flashcards

Trigger 1: Sarcopenia Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary role of leucine in muscle protein synthesis?
A. Breakdown of autophagy
B. Inhibition of mTOR pathway
C. Direct initiation of mRNA translation
D. Reduction of inflammatory markers

A

C. Direct initiation of mRNA translation

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a ______ process.

A

Local

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3
Q

Chronic low-grade inflammation is positively correlated with muscle strength and mass. True or False.

A

False

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4
Q

Name one factor associated with anabolic resistance in older adults.

A

Hormonal changes

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5
Q

Match the following pathway with its role: PI3K-Akt-mTOR.
A. Autophagy initiation
B. Protein synthesis activation

A

PI3K-Akt-mTOR: B. Protein synthesis activation

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6
Q

Describe the mechanism by which leucine modulates the mTOR pathway.

A

Leucine modulates mTOR via the RAG GTPase pathway, forming an active Rag complex that recruits and activates mTORC1. This activation leads to phosphorylation of downstream targets, including p70S6K and 4E-BP1, promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting autophagy.

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7
Q

Explain how chronic inflammation in aging individuals contributes to muscle loss.

A

Chronic inflammation, combined with aging, increases fat content, leading to fat infiltration in myocytes. This induces mitochondrial dysfunction, elevating ROS through lipid oxidation. The enhanced IGF-1-PI3K-mTOR pathway is then activated, resulting in reduced protein synthesis and contributing to muscle atrophy.

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8
Q

What is the primary storage site for amino acids in the body?

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

The breakdown of autophagy balance can impair muscle function due to the dysfunction of autophagy in the process of mitochondrial clearance. Which of the following is responsible for initiating autophagy?
A. Leucine
B. mTOR
C. IGF-1
D. AMPK

A

D. AMPK

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10
Q

Anabolic resistance in older adults is closely associated with the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, and may be related to the non-response of ERK1/2 signal and ______ activation in aging muscles.

A

AMPK

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11
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, have been shown to have pro-inflammatory effects. True or false.

A

False

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12
Q

Match the muscle-related factor with its characteristic.
A. Sarcopenia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Anabolic resistance

A. Loss of muscle mass with aging
B. Increase in muscle fiber size
C. Reduced response to anabolic signals

A

Sarcopenia: A. Loss of muscle mass with aging
Hypertrophy: B. Increase in muscle fiber size
Anabolic resistance: C. Reduced response to anabolic signals

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13
Q

Describe the mechanism by which IGF-1 activates the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway.

A

IGF-1 binds to the IGF-1 receptor on the surface of muscle cells which activated the intracellular adaptor protein IRS-1, initiating a cascade of events that involve activation of PI3K is thus phosphorylated and Akt, subsequently activating Akt.Pi3K converts PIP2-PIP3 which binds to PKB/Akt activating it. PKB/Akt then activated mTOR. This pathway leads to increased protein synthesis and muscle growth.

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14
Q

How does leucine modulate the mTOR pathway, and what role does it play in the aging muscle response to amino acid intake?

A

Leucine modulates mTOR via the RAG GTPase pathway, forming an active Rag complex that activates mTORC1. This activation promotes protein synthesis and inhibits autophagy. In aging muscles, leucine supplementation improves the slow response to amino acid intake, contributing to increased protein synthesis.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of satellite cells in muscle tissue?

A

Satellite cells are muscle-resident stem cells essential for muscle tissue repair and regeneration.

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16
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, have been shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, especially in _______ adults.

A

Older

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17
Q

Which of the following is a potential role of myostatin inhibitors in addressing muscle atrophy?
- A. Increase in muscle protein breakdown
- B. Inhibition of muscle growth
- C. Stimulation of satellite cell activity
- D. Reduction in protein synthesis

A

C. Stimulation of satellite cell activity

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18
Q

Myostatin, also known as GDF-8, promotes skeletal muscle growth. True or False.

A

False

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19
Q

Explain the term “anabolic resistance” in the context of aging muscles.

A

Anabolic resistance refers to the reduced ability of aging muscles to respond to anabolic signals, leading to decreased protein synthesis and muscle growth.

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20
Q

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action between selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and anabolic steroids.

A

SARMs selectively bind to androgen receptors, promoting protein synthesis in muscle tissue with fewer side effects. Anabolic steroids, on the other hand, replicate the effects of testosterone, affecting various tissues and organs.

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21
Q

What are some health considerations associated with the use of NSAIDs in older individuals?

A

NSAIDs elevate the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, and acute renal failure in older patients.

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22
Q

Propose a non-pharmaceutical intervention to reduce age-related muscle atrophy for an elderly individual with limited mobility.

A

Implement resistance training tailored to the individual’s abilities, focusing on exercises that target major muscle groups and stimulate protein synthesis.

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23
Q

What is the primary role of leucine in regulating muscle protein synthesis?
A. Inhibition of mTOR pathway
B. Activation of autophagy
C. Stimulation of mRNA translation
D. Reduction of amino acid storage

A

C. Stimulation of mRNA translation

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24
Q

Autophagy is a cellular process that promotes muscle protein synthesis. True or False

A

False

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25
Q

Chronic inflammation and aging may lead to increased fat infiltration in muscles, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing ____________.

A

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) by lipid oxidation

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26
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of creatine in overcoming sarcopenia.

A

Creatine increases lean body mass, strength, and performance by speeding up phosphocreatine resynthesis, reducing muscle damage, and enhancing the ability to perform high-intensity exercise.

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27
Q

What are the variations in synthesis and net protein balance influenced by?

A

Variations in synthesis and net protein balance are influenced by protein ingestion and its distribution throughout the day.

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28
Q

How does omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, contribute to muscle health?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects, stimulate muscle protein synthesis, increase sensitivity to anabolic stimuli, and improve mitochondrial function.

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29
Q

Design a nutritional intervention for an elderly individual to support muscle health, considering amino acids and essential nutrients.

A

Implement a diet rich in high-quality protein, including leucine, and supplement with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D to support muscle protein synthesis and overall muscle health.

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30
Q

Explain the term “anabolic resistance” and its association with loss of muscle mass in aging individuals.

A

Anabolic resistance is the reduced ability of aging muscles to respond to anabolic signals, contributing to decreased protein synthesis, muscle mass, and strength.

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31
Q

Resistance training and protein ingestion independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis. True or False.

A

True

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32
Q

What is the primary role of IGF-1 in muscle protein synthesis?
A. Activation of autophagy
B. Inhibition of mTOR pathway
C. Activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway
D. Reduction of protein synthesis

A

C. Activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway

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33
Q

What is sarcopenia?
A. Accumulation of fat in muscle tissue
B. Age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, and function
C. Excessive protein synthesis in aging muscles
D. Autoimmune disorder affecting muscle tissue

A

B. Age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, and function

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34
Q

Name three characteristics associated with sarcopenia.
A. Increased muscle mass, strength, and function
B. Enhanced autophagy in muscle cells
C. Age-related muscle loss, anabolic resistance, and inflammation
D. Elevated levels of growth hormone, testosterone, and IGF-1

A

C. Age-related muscle loss, anabolic resistance, and inflammation

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35
Q

What role does IGF-1 play in the development of sarcopenia?
A. Inhibits autophagy in aging muscles
B. Activates PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, promoting protein synthesis
C. Triggers breakdown of amino acids in skeletal muscle
D. Enhances chronic low-grade inflammation

A

B. Activates PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, promoting protein synthesis

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36
Q

Which inflammatory markers are negatively correlated with muscle strength and mass in sarcopenia?
A. IL-10 and IL-12
B. TNF-β and IFN-γ
C. C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and IL-6
D. IL-4 and IL-8

A

C. C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and IL-6

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37
Q

List three personal factors influencing the development of sarcopenia.
A. Sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse
B. High birth weight, hormonal changes, and genetic characteristics
C. Resistance training, stretching, and low-intensity endurance exercise
D. Cognitive impairment, mood disturbance, and diabetes

A

B. High birth weight, hormonal changes, and genetic characteristics

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38
Q

How can the breakdown of autophagy balance impair muscle function in sarcopenia?
A. Promotes protein synthesis
B. Enhances mitochondrial clearance
C. Inhibits inflammatory markers
D. Activates PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway

A

B. Enhances mitochondrial clearance

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39
Q

What is the role of leucine in regulating human muscle protein synthesis?
A. Inhibition of mRNA translation
B. Reduction of amino acid storage
C. Activation of autophagy
D. Direct initiation of mRNA translation, promoting protein synthesis

A

D. Direct initiation of mRNA translation, promoting protein synthesis

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40
Q

How do omega-3 fatty acids contribute to preventing muscle atrophy in sarcopenia?
A. Inhibit autophagy
B. Stimulate inflammatory markers
C. Increase sensitivity to anabolic stimuli
D. Provide anti-inflammatory effects

A

D. Provide anti-inflammatory effects

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41
Q

Name two interventions recommended for reducing sarcopenia.
A. Cognitive therapy and mood disturbance management
B. Alcohol reduction and tobacco cessation
C. Resistance training and protein intake
D. Stretching exercises and high-intensity endurance training

A

C. Resistance training and protein intake

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42
Q

How do myostatin inhibitors contribute to reducing sarcopenia?
A. By promoting autophagy
B. By enhancing inflammation
C. By limiting muscle atrophy
D. By inhibiting protein synthesis

A

C. By limiting muscle atrophy

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43
Q

How does sarcopenia affect cardiovascular health?
A. Increases blood pressure and heart rate
B. Enhances cardiac contractility
C. Reduces the risk of atherosclerosis
D. Promotes vasodilation

A

A. Increases blood pressure and heart rate

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44
Q

What metabolic consequences are associated with sarcopenia?
A. Increased insulin sensitivity
B. Elevated resting metabolic rate
C. Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance
D. Enhanced energy expenditure

A

C. Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance

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45
Q

How does sarcopenia influence bone health?
A. Increases bone density
B. Promotes osteoblast activity
C. Elevates the risk of fractures and osteoporosis
D. Enhances mineral absorption in bones

A

C. Elevates the risk of fractures and osteoporosis

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46
Q

In what way does sarcopenia affect respiratory function?
A. Improves lung capacity
B. Reduces respiratory muscle strength and endurance
C. Enhances oxygen uptake during exercise
D. Decreases the risk of respiratory infections

A

B. Reduces respiratory muscle strength and endurance

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47
Q

How is cognitive function influenced by sarcopenia?
A. Enhances memory and learning abilities
B. Increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia
C. Improves executive function
D. Promotes neuroplasticity

A

B. Increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia

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48
Q

What impact does sarcopenia have on the overall quality of life?
A. Improves physical and mental well-being
B. Reduces independence and functional ability
C. Promotes social engagement
D. Enhances emotional resilience

A

B. Reduces independence and functional ability

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49
Q

How does sarcopenia contribute to chronic inflammation?
A. Suppresses inflammatory markers
B. Activates anti-inflammatory pathways
C. Releases pro-inflammatory cytokines
D. Enhances immune response

A

C. Releases pro-inflammatory cytokines

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50
Q

What hormonal changes are associated with sarcopenia?
A. Increased growth hormone secretion
B. Enhanced testosterone levels
C. Altered levels of myokines and adipokines
D. Improved insulin secretion

A

C. Altered levels of myokines and adipokines

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51
Q

How does sarcopenia influence gait and mobility?
A. Improves balance and coordination
B. Reduces walking speed and increases the risk of falls
C. Enhances agility
D. Promotes joint flexibility

A

B. Reduces walking speed and increases the risk of falls

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52
Q

What challenges might healthcare professionals face in rehabilitating individuals with sarcopenia?
A. Rapid recovery and improved response to interventions
B. Difficulty in achieving muscle hypertrophy
C. Enhanced rehabilitation outcomes
D. Reduced risk of secondary complications

A

B. Difficulty in achieving muscle hypertrophy

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53
Q

What is the primary purpose of skeletal muscle protein synthesis?
A. To break down proteins
B. To repair and build muscle tissue
C. To release energy
D. To store amino acids

A

B. To repair and build muscle tissue

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54
Q

What is the primary trigger for initiating muscle protein synthesis?
A. Decreased amino acid availability
B. Increased insulin levels
C. High cortisol secretion
D. Low levels of growth factors

A

B. Increased insulin levels

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55
Q

Which amino acid is particularly crucial for stimulating muscle protein synthesis?
A. Glycine
B. Leucine
C. Aspartic Acid
D. Serine

A

B. Leucine

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56
Q

What is the primary role of mTOR in muscle protein synthesis?
A. Inhibiting protein synthesis
B. Activating protein degradation
C. Promoting protein synthesis
D. Storing amino acids

A

C. Promoting protein synthesis

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57
Q

How does insulin contribute to muscle protein synthesis?
A. By inhibiting mTOR
B. By increasing amino acid breakdown
C. By enhancing nutrient uptake and activating mTOR
D. By promoting protein degradation

A

C. By enhancing nutrient uptake and activating mTOR

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58
Q

Which hormones play an anabolic role in muscle protein synthesis?
A. Cortisol
B. Insulin and growth factors
C. Epinephrine
D. Thyroid hormones

A

B. Insulin and growth factors

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59
Q

How does resistance exercise influence muscle protein synthesis?
A. It decreases protein turnover
B. It suppresses mTOR activity
C. It enhances the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin
D. It stimulates mTOR and increases amino acid availability

A

D. It stimulates mTOR and increases amino acid availability

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60
Q

Why is the timing of protein intake important for muscle protein synthesis?
A. Timing has no impact on MPS
B. Consuming protein after a workout maximizes MPS
C. Consuming protein only before bedtime is effective
D. Consuming protein before a workout is sufficient

A

B. Consuming protein after a workout maximizes MPS

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61
Q

What role does protein quality play in muscle protein synthesis?
A. Quality has no impact
B. High-quality proteins provide optimal amino acid profiles
C. Low-quality proteins are more effective
D. Protein quality only affects fat metabolism

A

B. High-quality proteins provide optimal amino acid profiles

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62
Q

Why is the synergy of nutrients important for muscle protein synthesis?
A. Nutrient synergy has no impact on MPS
B. It enhances the efficiency of amino acid transport
C. Synergy reduces the need for insulin
D. It inhibits mTOR activation

A

B. It enhances the efficiency of amino acid transport

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63
Q

What nutritional components are crucial for post-exercise muscle protein synthesis?
A. Carbohydrates only
B. Proteins and fats
C. Proteins and carbohydrates
D. Fats only

A

C. Proteins and carbohydrates

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64
Q

How long does the elevated muscle protein synthesis rate typically last after resistance exercise?
A. 30 minutes
B. 1-2 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 24 hours

A

B. 1-2 hours

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65
Q

What is the role of satellite cells in muscle protein synthesis?
A. They inhibit protein synthesis
B. They initiate muscle protein breakdown
C. They contribute to muscle repair and growth
D. They have no impact on MPS

A

C. They contribute to muscle repair and growth

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66
Q

How does muscle protein synthesis influence mitochondrial biogenesis?
A. It inhibits mitochondrial activity
B. It has no effect on mitochondria
C. It promotes mitochondrial biogenesis
D. It decreases mitochondrial number

A

C. It promotes mitochondrial biogenesis

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67
Q

How does aging affect muscle protein synthesis?
A. Aging has no impact on MPS
B. Aging increases the sensitivity of mTOR
C. Aging reduces the efficiency of MPS
D. Aging promotes muscle hypertrophy

A

C. Aging reduces the efficiency of MPS

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68
Q

What specific type of protein synthesis contributes to myofibrillar hypertrophy?
A. Sarcoplasmic protein synthesis
B. Mitochondrial protein synthesis
C. Myofibrillar protein synthesis
D. Endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis

A

C. Myofibrillar protein synthesis

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69
Q

How does leucine contribute to muscle protein synthesis?
A. By inhibiting mTOR
B. By acting as a signal for mTOR activation
C. By promoting protein degradation
D. By decreasing amino acid availability

A

B. By acting as a signal for mTOR activation

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70
Q

What are the primary cellular mechanisms that regulate muscle protein synthesis?
A. Ubiquitination and autophagy
B. Inhibition of satellite cells
C. Phosphorylation and translation initiation
D. Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

C. Phosphorylation and translation initiation

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71
Q

How do hormones regulate muscle protein synthesis?
A. By suppressing mTOR
B. By inhibiting amino acid transport
C. By activating protein degradation
D. By influencing mTOR and protein synthesis pathways

A

D. By influencing mTOR and protein synthesis pathways

72
Q

How does sleep influence muscle protein synthesis?
A. Sleep enhances protein breakdown
B. Sleep has no impact on MPS
C. During sleep, MPS is at its peak
D. Sleep reduces amino acid availability

A

C. During sleep, MPS is at its peak

73
Q

True or False: Resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

74
Q

Fill in the Gap: Leucine acts as a signaling molecule, activating ________ in muscle cells.

A

mTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin)

75
Q

Explain the importance of consuming protein and carbohydrates after resistance exercise for muscle protein synthesis.

A

Post-exercise, the combination of protein and carbohydrates enhances nutrient uptake, providing necessary building blocks for muscle repair and growth.

76
Q

Define the role of insulin in muscle protein synthesis.

A

Insulin enhances amino acid uptake and activates key signaling pathways, promoting muscle protein synthesis.

77
Q

True or False: Quality sleep can positively impact muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

78
Q

ill in the Gap: Consuming protein ________ exercise maximizes muscle protein synthesis.

A

Answer: after

79
Q

Elaborate on how hormones influence muscle protein synthesis.

A

Hormones, such as insulin and growth factors, play an anabolic role by activating pathways that stimulate protein synthesis.

80
Q

True or False: Aging may negatively affect the efficiency of muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

81
Q

What role do satellite cells play in muscle protein synthesis?

A

Satellite cells contribute to muscle repair and growth by facilitating the incorporation of new proteins.

82
Q

True or False: Leucine is a critical amino acid that plays a key role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

83
Q

Fill in the Gap: Prolonged inactivity or bed rest may lead to a decrease in muscle protein synthesis due to reduced ___________.

A

mechanical loading/stimulus

84
Q

How does muscle protein synthesis contribute to mitochondrial biogenesis?

A

MPS promotes the creation of new mitochondria, supporting cellular energy production.

85
Q

True or False: High-quality proteins are preferable for optimal muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

86
Q

Fill in the Gap: Consuming protein ________ a workout is essential for maximizing muscle protein synthesis.

A

after

87
Q

Chronic stress can have an impact on muscle protein synthesis. Explain this relationship.

A

Elevated cortisol levels during chronic stress can lead to muscle protein breakdown, potentially inhibiting synthesis.

88
Q

True or False: Insulin and growth factors are considered anabolic hormones that support muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

89
Q

Fill in the Gap: The elevated rate of muscle protein synthesis typically lasts for ________ after resistance exercise.

A

1-2 hours

90
Q

Differentiate between myofibrillar protein synthesis and other types of protein synthesis in muscle cells.

A

Myofibrillar protein synthesis specifically contributes to the growth and repair of the contractile elements within muscle fibers.

91
Q

True or False: Certain chronic illnesses may negatively impact muscle protein synthesis.

A

True

92
Q

What is nutrient synergy, and how does it impact muscle protein synthesis?

A

Nutrient synergy refers to the combined and enhanced effect of nutrients, optimizing amino acid transport and utilization for improved muscle protein synthesis.

93
Q

Sarcopenia is defined as the age-related loss of ________.

A

skeletal muscle mass and function

94
Q

True or False: Sarcopenia is solely a consequence of aging.

A

False

95
Q

Fill in the Gap: Lack of physical activity or ________ contributes to the development of sarcopenia.

A

sedentary behavior

96
Q

How do chronic inflammatory factors contribute to sarcopenia?

A

Chronic inflammation accelerates muscle protein breakdown, exacerbating the loss of muscle mass seen in sarcopenia.

97
Q

True or False: Changes in hormonal levels, such as decreased growth hormone and testosterone, are associated with sarcopenia.

A

True

98
Q

Fill in the Gap: Sarcopenia is characterized by a decline in muscle protein ________.

A

synthesis

99
Q

Explain how malnutrition can contribute to the development of sarcopenia.

A

Inadequate nutrient intake, particularly protein, can lead to muscle wasting and exacerbate sarcopenia.

100
Q

Neurological factors, such as reduced motor unit activation, play a role in sarcopenia.

A

True

101
Q

Increased ________ is a contributor to oxidative stress, which is linked to sarcopenia.

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

102
Q

Certain medications, like glucocorticoids, can impact muscle mass. How does this occur?

A

Glucocorticoids induce muscle protein breakdown and hinder the regenerative capacity of muscle cells.

103
Q

True or False: Sarcopenia is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle cells.

A

True

104
Q

Fill in the Gap: Genetic predisposition may contribute to an individual’s susceptibility to ________.

A

sarcopenia

105
Q

How does insulin resistance contribute to sarcopenia?

A

Insulin resistance impedes muscle protein synthesis and promotes muscle protein breakdown.

106
Q

True or False: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to sarcopenia.

A

True

107
Q

Fill in the Gap: Dysregulation of specific ________ is associated with muscle wasting in sarcopenia.

A

microRNAs

108
Q

Explain the connection between circadian rhythm disruption and sarcopenia.

A

Disrupted circadian rhythms may affect the timing of anabolic processes, contributing to sarcopenia.

109
Q

True or False: Reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels are implicated in sarcopenia.

A

True

110
Q

Fill in the Gap: Sarcopenia is characterized by an imbalance in muscle protein ________.

A

Turnover

111
Q

How do chronic diseases, such as diabetes or chronic kidney disease, contribute to sarcopenia?

A

Chronic diseases often involve inflammation and metabolic disturbances that accelerate muscle loss in sarcopenia.

112
Q

True or False: Elevated levels of myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth, are associated with sarcopenia.

A

True

113
Q

Sarcopenia is influenced by inadequate nutrition. Define the term “sarcopenic malnutrition.”

A

Sarcopenic malnutrition refers to the coexistence of sarcopenia and malnutrition, emphasizing the role of poor nutrition in muscle loss.

114
Q

True or False: Adequate protein intake is crucial for preventing and managing sarcopenia.

A

True

115
Q

Fill in the Gap: When combating sarcopenia, the focus should be on high-quality proteins rich in essential ________.

A

amino acids

116
Q

How does leucine, an essential amino acid, contribute to muscle protein synthesis in the context of sarcopenia?

A

Leucine activates the mTOR pathway, promoting muscle protein synthesis and aiding in muscle preservation.

117
Q

True or False: Vitamin D supplementation has been associated with improvements in muscle function among individuals with sarcopenia.

A

True

118
Q

Fill in the Gap: Omega-3 fatty acids exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, potentially mitigating the impact of chronic ________ in sarcopenia.

A

Inflammation

119
Q

Explain the concept of protein timing and its relevance in combating sarcopenia.

A

Distributing protein intake evenly across meals and including a source of protein before sleep can optimize muscle protein synthesis.

120
Q

True or False: Resistance training combined with adequate protein intake is more effective in preventing and managing sarcopenia than either intervention alone.

A

True

121
Q

Fill in the Gap: Creatine supplementation may benefit individuals with sarcopenia by enhancing muscle ________.

A

strength and mass

122
Q

How can antioxidant-rich foods contribute to combatting sarcopenia?

A

Antioxidants help counteract oxidative stress, which is implicated in muscle aging and sarcopenia.

123
Q

True or False: Higher protein intake, within recommended limits, is associated with better outcomes in sarcopenia.

A

True

124
Q

Fill in the Gap: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) play a role in muscle protein ________.

A

synthesis

125
Q

How does beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) contribute to muscle health in individuals with sarcopenia?

A

HMB is a metabolite of leucine and has been shown to have anti-catabolic effects, preserving muscle mass.

126
Q

True or False: Dietary nitrates, found in certain vegetables, may have a positive impact on muscle function in sarcopenia.

A

True

127
Q

Fill in the Gap: Collagen peptides may support muscle health by providing a source of ________.

A

amino acids, particularly glycine and proline

128
Q

How does fiber intake contribute to overall health and potentially impact sarcopenia?

A

Fiber supports gut health, influencing nutrient absorption and contributing to a balanced gut microbiome, which may indirectly influence muscle health.

129
Q

True or False: Adequate hydration is crucial for maintaining muscle function and may have implications for sarcopenia.

A

True

130
Q

Fill in the Gap: Zinc is involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis and ________.

A

immune function

131
Q

Why is the emphasis often placed on obtaining nutrients from whole foods rather than supplements in combating sarcopenia?

A

Whole foods provide a spectrum of nutrients and phytochemicals that work synergistically, potentially offering greater benefits than isolated supplements.

132
Q

True or False: Nutritional interventions alone can completely reverse sarcopenia.

A

False

133
Q

True or False: Resistance training is an effective exercise intervention for reducing sarcopenia.

A

True

134
Q

Fill in the Gap: For optimal benefits, individuals should engage in resistance training at least ________ times per week.

A

2-3

135
Q

Describe: How does aerobic exercise contribute to reducing sarcopenia, especially in combination with resistance training?

A

Aerobic exercise enhances cardiovascular health and can complement resistance training in promoting overall functional fitness.

136
Q

True or False: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can negatively impact muscle health and contribute to sarcopenia.

A

True

137
Q

Consuming protein after exercise helps maximize muscle protein synthesis due to increased ________.

A

sensitivity of muscle tissue to amino acids

138
Q

Why are balance exercises considered beneficial in reducing sarcopenia, particularly in older adults?

A

Balance exercises improve stability, reducing the risk of falls and fractures, common concerns in sarcopenic individuals.

139
Q

True or False: Progressive resistance training, gradually increasing the load, is more effective than static resistance training for reducing sarcopenia.

A

True

140
Q

Fill in the Gap: Flexibility exercises, such as stretching, can enhance ________, contributing to better functional movement.

A

joint mobility and range of motion

141
Q

How does prolonged sitting or sedentary behavior contribute to sarcopenia?

A

Sedentary behavior can lead to muscle disuse, accelerating muscle loss and contributing to sarcopenia.

142
Q

True or False: Combining different types of exercise, including resistance, aerobic, and flexibility training, provides comprehensive benefits in reducing sarcopenia.

A

True

143
Q

In the context of sarcopenia, what does the term “pharmaceuticals” refer to?

A

Pharmaceuticals refer to drugs or medications that may be used to address or alleviate symptoms associated with sarcopenia.

144
Q

True or False: Testosterone replacement therapy is a pharmaceutical approach that may be considered for individuals with sarcopenia, particularly men.

A

True

145
Q

Fill in the Gap: Growth hormone, when deficient, can contribute to muscle loss and may be addressed through ________.

A

growth hormone replacement therapy

146
Q

What are some potential risks or side effects associated with the use of pharmaceuticals in managing sarcopenia?

A

Side effects may include hormonal imbalances, cardiovascular effects, and other medication-specific risks.

147
Q

True or False: Currently, there is a specific drug approved solely for the treatment of sarcopenia.

A

False

148
Q

Fill in the Gap: Nutraceuticals, a combination of “nutrition” and “pharmaceuticals,” refer to products that provide health benefits and may include ________.

A

dietary supplements, functional foods, or herbal products

149
Q

How can healthcare professionals contribute to reducing sarcopenia through exercise prescription?

A

Healthcare professionals can tailor exercise programs based on individual needs, considering health conditions and fitness levels.

150
Q

True or False: Pharmaceutical interventions alone are generally considered the primary approach in managing sarcopenia.

A

False

151
Q

Fill in the Gap: Vitamin D supplementation is sometimes recommended for individuals with sarcopenia, especially those with inadequate ________ exposure.

A

sunlight

152
Q

What is the initial step in the mechanical pathway from IGF-1 leading to protein synthesis?

A

IGF-1 binds to IGF-1R (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor).

153
Q

True or False: Upon IGF-1 binding, what occurs next in the pathway is the recruitment and activation of IRS-1 and PI3K.

A

True

154
Q

Fill in the Gap: The activation of IRS-1 and PI3K leads to the conversion of ________ to ________.

A

PIP2 to PIP3

155
Q

True or False: PIP3 activates PDK1 and Akt in the pathway.

A

True

156
Q

How does Akt contribute to protein synthesis in the pathway?

A

Akt activation leads to the activation of ribosomal S6, achieved via the mTOR pathway.

157
Q

True or False: Akt, in the pathway, blocks TSC1/TSC2.

A

True

158
Q

Fill in the Gap: Blocking TSC1/TSC2 leads to Rheb activating ________, an essential step in the pathway.

A

mTORC1

159
Q

How does mTORC1 activation inhibit 4EBP1 in the pathway?

A

mTORC1 inhibits 4EBP1, leading to the activation of eIF4E and facilitating protein synthesis.

160
Q

True or False: In the pathway, mTORC1 also activates p70s6k, contributing to protein synthesis via the activation of S6.

A

True

161
Q

Fill in the Gap: Akt allows GSK3𝜷 to be phosphorylated, impacting ________ and ________ in the pathway.

A

β-catenin and eIF2B

162
Q

How does the phosphorylation of GSK3𝜷 affect 𝜷-catenin and eIF2B in the pathway?

A

Phosphorylation by Akt prevents GSK3𝜷 from acting upon 𝜷-catenin and eIF2B, allowing for protein synthesis.

163
Q

The mechanical pathway from IGF-1 leading to protein synthesis involves a series of sequential events, starting from IGF-1 binding to the activation of ribosomal S6 and other components.

A

True

164
Q

21 weeks of resistance exercise affects muscle fibre size in the young and old, how?
a. Increase in young populations, but half as much as older populations
b. Increase equally in both populations
c. Increases in young populations, but has no effect in older populations
d. Increases in young populations, but a third as much in older populations

A

A. Increase in young populations, but half as much as older populations

165
Q

Leucine is a potent stimulator of which protein kinase?
a. SGLT
b. mTOR
c. CTP1
d. PGC1-alpha

A

B. mTOR

166
Q

Leucine is an amino acid, whose role is considered to be crucial in what process
a. Decreasing systemic inflammation
b. Increasing muscle force production
c. Reducing ghrelin levels, increasing satiety
d. Stimulating muscle protein synthesis

A

D. Stimulating muscle protein synthesis

167
Q

The NHS guidelines suggest that a female over the age of 65 should consume how much protein per day?
a. 46g
b. 36g
c. 66g
d. 56g

A

A. 46g

168
Q
  1. To maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis, approximately what quantity of protein needs to be ingested in a single meal, for young and old populations respectively? (n.b. g/kg refers to grams of protein per kilogram of body mass)
    a. 0.25 g/kg & 0.4 g/kg
    b. 0.3 g/kg & 0.5 g/kg
    c. 0.25 g/kg & 0.6 g/kg
    d. 0.2 g/kg & 0.5 g/kg
A

A.0.25 g/kg & 0.4 g/kg

169
Q

Amongst others, the change in which of these hormone levels with ageing contributes to sarcopenia?
a. Increased IGF
b. Increased adrenaline
c. Decreased IGF
d. Decreased adrenaline

A

C. decreased IGF

170
Q

After the age of 40, at approximately what rate do we lose muscle mass each year?
a. 3%
b. 0.5%
c. 1%
d. 2%

A

c. 1%

171
Q

what rate does muscle strength typically decrease with ageing?
a. 2%
b. 3%
c. 1%
d. 4%

A

b. 3%

172
Q

What is the estimated annual excess cost of health care associated with muscle weakness in the UK?
a. £1.5 billion
b. £2.5 billion
c. £3 billion
d. £2 billion

A

b. £2.5 billion

173
Q
  1. Myostatin inhibition primarily leads to which of the following outcomes?
    a. Reduced muscle mass via reduction of muscle protein synthesis
    b. Increased muscle mass via increased muscle protein synthesis
    c. Reduced muscle mass via increased muscle protein breakdown
    d. Increased muscle mass via decreased muscle protein breakdow
A

B. Increased muscle mass via increased muscle protein synthesis

174
Q
  1. Anabolic resistance refers, specifically, to what phenomenon?
    a. A reduced muscle mass in elderly populations
    b. A lower-protein diet in elderly populations
    c. A higher quantity of protein ingestion is needed to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis
    d. A higher quantity of protein ingestion is needed to stimulate muscle protein synthesi
A

D.A higher quantity of protein ingestion is needed to stimulate muscle protein synthesis

175
Q

What activated the AMPK pathway?

A

Nutrient starvation (Caloric restriction), hypoxia, and increased exercise.

176
Q

Define
1. Hypertrophy
2. Atrophy
3. Autophagy

A
  1. The enlargement of muscle microfibers
  2. muscles waste away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells.
  3. Consumption of the body’s tissue as a metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain diseases.

CSC3019 - Translational Medical Science (10 decks)

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