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(1-5) Translational Medical Science > TRICKY-learn > Flashcards

TRICKY-learn Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name two smart insulins

A
  • microneedle array patches

- modified insulin molecule

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2
Q

how do micro needle array patches work?

A

insulin contained in polymer that dissociates in hypoxic conditions
- e.g. when blood glucose levels rise- polymer dissociates and releases insulin

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3
Q

when does insulin polymer dissociate

A

during hypoxic conditions - when glucose levels rise

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4
Q

what do smart insulins ahem to be

A
  • rapidly active when blood glucose rise

- inactive when blood glucose low

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5
Q

modified insulin molecules have what region

A

an albumin binding region and glucose sensor

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6
Q

modified insulin molecules release insulin when

A

glucose levels are high

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7
Q

albumin

A

prevents insulin from having its affect on cells

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8
Q

example of a slow acting insulin analogue

A

Detemir and Glargine

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9
Q

determine and glargine

A

associate with albumin and only release insulin when glucose levels fall

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10
Q

islet autoantibodiesare produced against

A

a small number of proteins e.g. insulin and GAD

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11
Q

how are autoanitbodie sproduces

A

proteins are aberrantly processed and presented to the immune system during process of islet autoimmunity (CD4- B cell)

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12
Q

islet autoantibodies are not

A

directly pathogenic

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13
Q

islet autoantibodies are regarded as

A

markers for disease rather than causative agents

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14
Q

some people will develop autoantiboides

A

even thought they don’t have T1D

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15
Q

what is added to DNA to measure methylation

A

sodium bisulphite

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16
Q

decribe process of measuring DNA methylation

A

1) DNA treated with sodium bisulphite
2) sodium bisulphite converts all unmethylated cytosine into uracil
3) Uracil then converted to thymidine during PCR

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17
Q

what can sodium bisulphite treated DNA be used for

A

various types of sequencing

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18
Q

outline types of sequencing used in epigenetics

A
  • pyroseqeuncing
  • illumine 450k DNA methylation arrays
  • bisulphite whole genome sequencing
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19
Q

HDAC inhibitors and TBI

A

HDACi upregulate transcription of neuroprotective genes

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20
Q

what does up regulation of neuroprotective genes cause

A

cell survival, proliferation and differentiation

21
Q

what do HDACi suppress

A

inflammatory responses

22
Q

HDACi promote

A

neurogenesis

23
Q

HDACi stimulate

A

axonal regeneration

white and grey matter

24
Q

name a HDACi

A

vorinostat

25
Q

glucokinase affinity

A

(s0.5, 8-10mM)

26
Q

which drugs increase renal excretion of glucose

A
  • GLP-1 agonists

- sulphonylureas

27
Q

B cell replacement therapies (3)

A
  • Islet transplants
  • Creating new B cell
  • Regeneration of existing B cells
28
Q

methods of creating new B cells

A
  • ES cells
  • iPS
  • transdifferentiation
29
Q

B cell transplant technique

A

carried out under local anaesthetic, X-ray and ultra sounds used to guide placement of catheter into portal vein of liver

30
Q

generation of B cells using embryonic stem cells

A

1) fertilise egg with sperm
2) let embryo develop for a week
3) embryo become blastocysts
4) inner mass of blastocyst removed and grown in dish
5) culture conditions changes to stimulate cells to differentiate into B cells

31
Q

iPS

A

induces pluripotent stem close

32
Q

how does iPS work

A

type of stem cells generated from adult cells such as skin and fibroblast- its like eStem cell

33
Q

iPS metho

A

1) isolate cells from patient (skin) and grow ind wish
2) treat with reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox4, Klf4 and c-myc
3) wait for a few weeks
4) pluripotent stem cells
5) change culture conditions and stimulate to become B cell

34
Q

reprogramming factors

A

Oct4
Sox4
Klf4
C-myc

35
Q

negative of stem cell production of B cell

A
  • generated B cells may not be comparable to mature B cells
  • risk of teratoma formation
  • ethical controversy
  • no long term studies
36
Q

negatives of induced pluripotent stem cell production of B cells

A
  • creating a clinically relevant number of mature B cells
  • time and cost
  • teratoma formation
37
Q

thoraces are

A

islet encapsulation devices

38
Q

curative B cell transplationation is hampered by

A

persistence of auto reactive immune cells which require a high dose of immunosuppressants

39
Q

therapy device is a method of

A

conveying grade protection and preventing need for immunosuppressants

40
Q

theracytes allos

A

transfer of oxygen and nutrients to islet cells

41
Q

theracytes stop

A

immune cels from making direct contact with islet graft

42
Q

introduction of which gene into liver cells may be enough to transform into B cell

A

PAX4

43
Q

which drug has been used to induce alpha cells to become B cells

A

GAB

44
Q

GABA does what to alpha cells

A

downregulates Ax expression –> become B cells

45
Q

inhaled insulin

A

disappears more rapidly than subcutaneous injection- rapidly drops glucose levels

46
Q

how does insulin ensure slow absorption

A

forms hexamer- unit of insulin molecules-

47
Q

hexamers

A

inactive

48
Q

rapid insulin analogues (novorapid and apart)

A

change in aa sequence disrupts dimer formation- faster absorption

49
Q

insulin is only active as a

A

monomer

(1-5) Translational Medical Science (26 decks)

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