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ZOOL 403 > Tree Thinking and Development > Flashcards

Tree Thinking and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Which group makes up the largest percentage of vertebrates?

A

Fishes

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2
Q

How are phylogenetic trees made?

A

By comparing morphology and gene sequences of organisms. The most different species becomes the outgroup

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3
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

Minimizing the number of evolutionary events

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4
Q

What is the benefit of W-shaped myomeres?

A

Allows for better and more precise swimming movements

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5
Q

What does the presence of chemosensation in the head imply?

A

A predatory lifestyle

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6
Q

Why can’t mammals be too small?

A

They are homeothermic endotherms, so being tiny increases the SA:V ratio and it becomes very expensive to maintain body temperature. RMR goes up the smaller you are.

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7
Q

Are vertebrates protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Deuterostomes

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8
Q

What is a monophyletic tree?

A

It includes the MRCA and all clades

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9
Q

What is a paraphyletic tree?

A

It includes the MRCA but excludes some clades, “cherry-picks”

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10
Q

What is a polyphyletic tree?

A

Does not include MRCA, “cherry-picks”

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11
Q

What are chordate synapomorphies?

A

Notochord

Dorsal hollow neural tube

Endostyle

Postanal tail with simple fin

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12
Q

What is the function of the endostyle?

A

It has a role in iodine acquisition and hormone/metabolism regulation

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13
Q

What are chordate apomorphies?

A

V-shaped myomeres

Unmuscularized pharynx

Pharyngeal slit

Pulsating blood vessels, no true heart

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14
Q

What are vertebrate synapomorphies?

A

Cranium

Spinal cord

Notochord

Vertebrae

W-shaped myomeres

Postanal tail with fin rays

Thyroid

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15
Q

What are vertebrate apomorphies?

A

Gill arch with gills

Muscularized pharynx

Multichambered heart

Muscularized gut

Mineralized tissues

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16
Q

Why is development important to study?

A

Developmental pathways tend to be conserved among phylogenies

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17
Q

List the steps of development in order of occurance

A
  1. Gastrulation
  2. Neurulation
  3. Division of mesoderm
  4. Somite formation
  5. Form body cavities
  6. Neural crest migration
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18
Q

Describe the differences in gastrulation between fishes and amphibians vs. birds, reptiles, and mammals

A

Fishes and amphibians: Start as a sphere, invaginates at dorsal lip of the blastopore

Birds, reptiles, and mammals: Start as a plate and invaginate at the primitive streak

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19
Q

Describe the differences in neurulation between fishes and amphibians vs. birds, reptiles, and mammals

A

The general steps are the same, so no key differences

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20
Q

Describe the process of neurulation

A

The notochord induces the neural plate and neural folds to form. As the notochord moves downwards (ventrally), the neural plate invaginates to form the neurocoel. The neural folds meet in the middle and fuse, forming the epidermis

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21
Q

What type of cells do neural folds contain?

A

Neural crest cells

22
Q

What tissues does the ectoderm make?

A

Skin, feathers, scales, teeth, posterior digestive system, and the brain and spinal cord

23
Q

What tissues does the mesoderm make?

A

Dermis, skeleton, respiratory and circulatory systems, urinary system, reproductive system, and skeletal muscle

24
Q

What tissues does the endoderm make?

A

Respiratory and circulatory systems, urinary system, reproductive system, and anterior digestive system

25
Q

What are the three divisions of the mesoderm from innermost to outermost?

A

Paraxial (somitic) mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm

26
Q

What does the paraxial (somitic) mesoderm split into?

A

Head and somites

27
Q

What are somites?

A

Muscle and connective tissue, Blocks of mesoderm that determine the migratory path of neural crest cells

28
Q

What do somites divide into?

A

Sclerotome (cartilage)

Syndotome (tendons)

Myotome (skeletal muscle)

Endothelial cells

Dermatome (dermis, skeletal muscle)

29
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm divide into?

A

Kidney

Gonads

30
Q

What tissues does the lateral plate mesoderm divide into?

A

Splanchnic (circulatory system, visceral organs)

Somatic (body cavity, pelvis, limb bones, body wall)

Extra-embryonic (not produced in every species

31
Q

Which three tissues are formed following somite formation?

A

Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome in that order

32
Q

Describe the general process of the formation of body cavities

A

The lateral plate mesoderm folds inwards (ventrally) until the two ends meet. The somatic and splanchnic layers form around the coelom (cavity). Between these two cavities is the endoderm, which forms the gut. The dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome form near the neural tube

33
Q

Describe neural crest migration

A

After body cavities form, the neural crest cells formed during neurulation migrate outwards

34
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The development of the neural tube

35
Q

What are some key neural crest derivatives?

A

The arches (mandibular, hyoid, carotid, and branchial arches 1-5), the pre-mandibular domain

36
Q

What are homeobox domains?

A

Conserved 180bp segments of DNA encoded in homeobox genes

37
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

A subset of homeobox genes that organize the body plan using homeobox-controlled transcription factors

38
Q

What is the purpose of Hox genes?

A

They allow for certain genes to be repeated (limbs, teeth, digits), which creates diversity

39
Q

Which arch forms the upper and lower jaws?

A

Mandibular

40
Q

Branchial arches 1-5 resulted from:

A

Hox gene expression

41
Q

What tissue layer is the neural plate made from and what does it become?

A

Made from ectoderm and becomes the nervous system

42
Q

What will the chordamesoderm form?

A

The notochord

43
Q

What components made up the Neurectoderm?

A

-Neural crest and neurogenic placodes
-Neural tube

44
Q

What is the 4th germ layer in vertebrates and what does it produce?

A

Neural crest*** key thing that makes vertebrates different
-pigment cells
-head structures (dentine in teeth)
-Nerve ganglia
-Some parts of the heart

45
Q

What does the nasal placode give rise to?

A

Sensory organs

46
Q

What is the mineral in mineralized connective tissue?

A

Hydroxyapatite

47
Q

What are the mineralized connective tissues? (6)

A

-Enamel (ameloblasts)
-Enameloid (ameloblasts and odontoblasts)
-Dentine (odontoblasts)
-Bone
-Mineralized cartilage
-Cementum

48
Q

What are the jaws of Gnathostomes homologous to in Cyclostomes?

A

The first gill arch

49
Q

True/False? The dermatocranium is present in Chondrichthyes

A

False

50
Q

What is the space lateral to the gill arch?

A

The opercular cavity

51
Q

Define synapomorphy

A

A shared derived character. Present in two or more taxa and are inherited from their most recent common ancestor. Synapomorphies are key in identifying evolutionary relationships. For example, the presence of a vertebral column is a synapomorphy of all vertebrates.

52
Q

Define apomorphy

A

A derived character (traits that are unique to a particular group and were not present in its ancestral form). Can be specific to a single species or group, and it may not necessarily be shared among other taxa

ZOOL 403 (6 decks)

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