Emily's Final Review Flashcards
What are 3 things that mammals special?
Lactation, endothermy, food processing.
Why can mammals breathe and run at the same time?
The mode of locomotion is more up and down, which forces air out of the lungs when the animal lands and then the diaphragm brings air in when the animal takes off from the ground.
What are the major differences between early synapsids and derived synapsids?
Fewer ribs (evolved diaphragm), tail reduced (no side-to-side motion), legs are parasagittal (not sprawled), shoulder girdle is less attached to vertebral column (shock absorption).
Which systemic artery is lost in mammals and which is lost in birds?
Mammals: Right is lost; Birds: Left is lost.
What term describes the ankle structures of birds and dinosaurs?
Mesotarsal.
What term describes the ankle structure of mammals?
Crurotarsal.
What term describes how fish remove nitrogenous waste and what does it mean?
Amonnotelic - secrete ammonia.
What term describes how mammals remove nitrogenous waste and what does it mean?
Ureotelic - Secrete urea.
What term describes how sauropsids remove nitrogenous waste and what does it mean?
Uricotelic - Secrete uric acid.
How does ADH control urine concentration in a mammalian kidney?
When water needs to be conserved, more ADH will be released, causing aquaporin channels to be inserted into the membrane of the collecting duct and water will flow out of the urine and back into cells. Opposite is true when excess water needs to be removed.
What features evolved in mammalia?
Dentary-squamosal jaw articulation, diphyodont dentition, prismatic enamel, double-rooted molars, dorsoventral flexion of the backbone.
Which bone became the Incus?
The Quadrate.
Which bone became the Malleus?
The Articular.
Why is the Coracoid and clavicles reduced in mammals?
Light shoulder girdle, better for limb extension, more shock absorption.
What are 7 synapomorphies of mammals?
Hair, milk, single bone in lower jaw (dentary), double-rooted cheek teeth, three ear ossicles, prismatic tooth enamel, crurotarsal ankle, calcaneal heel.
What is NOT a synapomorphy in mammals?
Vivipary.
What is hair a derivative of?
Epidermal scales and they are made of keratin.
What is the dentary bone derived from?
Dermal ossification.
What is the purpose of prismatic tooth enamel?
Improves durability and pressure distribution for chewing.
What does the calcaneus attach to and what is its purpose?
Attaches to the Achilles tendon and is used for greater force when pushing off.
What type of teeth do all mammals have?
Diphyodont teeth.
List 6 characteristics of modern mammals.
Endothermic and homeothermic, mammary glands, dentary-squamosal jaw joint, secondary palate present, three middle ear ossicles, lumbar ribs absent.
What is the purpose of the talonid structure on the molar?
To pulp food - better for eating vegetation.
What is a key innovation seen in mammals?
The development of specialized herbivory.