Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZOOL 403 > Reptiles and Birds > Flashcards

Reptiles and Birds Flashcards

1
Q

How many fenestra do anapsids have?

A

0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many fenestra do diapsids have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are turtles hard to place on a phylogenetic tree?

A

They have no fenestra (anapsids), so they would be placed before the divergence of synapsids and sauropsids, if not for other evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the possible phylogenetic hypotheses on the placement of turtles?

A
  1. Diverged after split of Amniota as a sister taxon to Diapsida
  2. Diverged after Diapsida as a sister taxon to Sauria
  3. Diverged after split of Sauria into Lepidosauria and Archosauria, as a sister taxon to Lepidosauria
  4. Diverged after split of Sauria into Lepidosauria and Archosauria, as a sister taxon to Archosauria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are turtles placed in the amniote phylogenetic tree based on our current hypothesis?

A

After the divergence of lepidosaurs and archosaurs, as a sister taxon to Archosauria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some fossil pieces of evidence that support hypothesis 4 seen in stem turtles?

A

They have an upper temporal fenestra, and the development of a carapace, and plastron (which gastralia fused into). Gastralia are seen in Archosauria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Although turtles are diapsids, why do they have no temporal fenestra?

A

Temporal emargination caused the loss of fenestrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why might it be important for turtles to separate locomotion and lung ventilation, like crocodiles?

A

Lie-in-wait predation strategy requires little to no movement, and they can’t use buccal pumping due to their lack of gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are members of Lepidosauria distinguished from each other (Rhynchocephalia, Serpentes, and “lizards”)?

A

The position and/or absence of their temporal bars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the sister taxon to Squamata?

A

Rhynchocephalia (Tuataras)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the synapomorphies of Lepisodauria

A

Keratinous overlapping scales

Transverse cloacal opening

Autotomy planes in caudal vertebrae and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What dermal layer are scales made of? What biological mechanism determines its patterning?

A

Ectoderm; molecular pre-patterning by activators and inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What three characteristics of scales are used to determine locomotive ability?

A

Organization, shape, and overlap tell us about the locomotive strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transverse vs. sagittal

A

Transverse goes across the body (lateral to lateral), while sagittal goes up and down the body (cranial to caudal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What mechanism may be regulating autotomy planes?

A

HOX genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True/False? The location of an autotomy plane on the vertebrae is the same for all lepidosaurs

A

False. Varies by species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are autotomy planes useful in studying lepidosaur development?

A

They are well-preserved in the fossil record, as they are seen in the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do lepidosaurs drop their tails without dying of blood loss?

A

Segmented muscular bundles prevent bleeding by restricting blood flow to that autotomy plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a unique feature of tuatarans?

A

They have no ear openings and have a pineal eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the synapomorphies of Rhynchocephalia

A

Lower temporal bar re-evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can we infer about the skull structure of squamates in relation to the synapomorphy of Rhynchocephalia?

A

They lack the lower temporal bar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the synapomorphies of Squamata

A

Hemipenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a hemipene?

A

A 2-headed penis that squamates have that function independently of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A phylogenetic tree based solely on morphology has what trends?

A

It tends to be polyphyletic (skinks), and some groups cannot fit into clades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A phylogenetic tree based solely on molecular evidence has what trends?

A

Tends to be more monophyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A phylogenetic tree based on morphology and molecular evidence has what trends?

A

Both monophyletic and polyphyletic, but more specific than just molecular evidence, strongest argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

List the synapomorphies of Serpentes

A

Upper temporal bar lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The loss of the lower and upper temporal bars allow for what in snakes?

A

Cranial kinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is cranial kinesis?

A

The ability of the components of the skull and jaw to move independently, especially when eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is jaw walking?

A

The independent movement of the left and right sides of the skull and jaw to move when eating large prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is another name for the upper temporal bar?

A

The jugal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The jugal makes up which important bones in the skull?

A

The upper and lower bars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some features of Dibamidae? What do they resemble?

A

Absence of ear holes
Rudiments of the hindlimbs
Highly fused head
Fossorial locomotion

Resemble caecilians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What clades make up Gekkota?

A

Gekkonidae and Pygopodidae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a synapomorphy of Gekkota?

A

Toe scansors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is unique about Pygopodidae?

A

Limbless, but have pads and flaps where the pelvic and pectoral girdles would be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fossilized gecko specimens show what evidence?

A

Toe pads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What organisms does Scincoidea include?

A

Skinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What squamate clade is the most speciose?

A

Scincoidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which clades does Lacertoidea include?

A

Amphisbaenidae, Lacertidae, and Teiidae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the main difference between Lacertidae and Teiidae?

A

They vary geographically (Lacertidae is old world, Teiidae is new world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where do mosasaurs fit into the Archosauria phylogeny?

A

Sister taxon to Serpentes (under Squamata)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What evidence suggests mosasaur’s positioning on the phylogenetic tree?

A

They have a forked tongue and similar palatal morphology to snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the clades of Anguimorpha?

A

Helodermatidae, Anguidae, and Varanidae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Helodermatidae

A

Gila monsters, extremely venomous, slice flesh which teeth and let venom seep into wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Varanidae

A

Monitor lizards, semi-aquatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Iguania clades

A

Chamaeleonidae, Agamidae, Phrynosomatidae, Iguanidae, Dactylidae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the main difference between Agamidae and Phrynosomatidae?

A

Geography. Agamidae is old world, Phrynosomatidae is new world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Chamaeleonidae

A

Chameleons. Zygodactyls, arboreal, protrusible tongues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Dactyloidae

A

Anoles. Show extreme convergent evolution due to biogeographical separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Iguanidae

A

Iguanas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the three sensory systems in Squamata?

A

Vomeronasal, nasal olfactory, and gustation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Describe the olfactory system in squamates

A

Large surface area in the nasal cavities allows for chemosensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The vomeronasal system in squamates connects which structures?

A

Olfactory surface area and palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Describe the gustatory system in squamates

A

Taste buds on lingual and oral surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the two predatory modes seen in squamates?

A

Sit and wait and active foraging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What impacts predation mode?

A

Reliance on chemosensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Sit and wait predators rely on:

A

Eyesight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Active foraging predators rely on:

A

Chemosensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How do active foragers use chemosensation to hunt?

A

Able to use all three systems to determine strength of signals for directional sensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is usually associated with sit and wait predatory styles?

A

Cranial ornamentation, crypsis, and territoriality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the defense mechanisms seen in Squamates?

A

Autotomy, crypsis, venom, and deterrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Describe autotomy

A

The loss of the tail along an autotomy plane. Its regeneration depends on the diet of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Are squamates the only organisms that use autotomy?

A

No. In some cases, fish use this tactic too, with their scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is crypsis?

A

Blending in with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Provide an example of an organism that uses deterrence

A

Horned lizard (Phrynosomatidae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Explain how Phrynosomatidae uses deterrence

A

There is a lot of venous drainage behind the eye. When threatened, muscles squeeze these veins, which builds pressure in the head until they rupture and squirt blood onto the threat. Blood does not chemically differ from circulatory blood, so no other chemicals but the blood itself is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is important about venom glands in terms of development? How do we know?

A

Derived from salivary glands; they contain pancreatic enzymes

69
Q

Why is venom important to study? Provide an example

A

Can be used to derive drugs. For example, the GLP-1 protein found in some venom is used in Ozempic

70
Q

What is a gular fan?

A

A fan located on the throat of an anole used in communication in conjunction with head bobs

71
Q

What kind of gular fan would be used in a very green, leafy area?

A

Red, for high contrast

72
Q

What kind of gular fan would be used in a place with lots of light?

A

A translucent flap, that refracts light

73
Q

Describe gular fans in the context of mating rituals. What colours mean which?

A

Orange: establishes large territory and roster of females
Blue: establishes small territory
Yellow: sneaker male, steals females from blue and orange

74
Q

What is the tradeoff between gular fans and crypsis?

A

Bright fans may attract predators

75
Q

Lizard dialects

A

Vary depending on species, using the same methods but in different ways (more head bobs than another species, for example)

76
Q

The development of different lizard dialects may lead to:

A

Speciation by reproductive isolation

77
Q

How does skink social structure effect parental care?

A

Depending on which group a skink belongs to within its species, it may impact how much access to light it gets. For example, when only juveniles or only family are present, they all get a lot of sun exposure, while dominant families get more exposure than subdominant families

78
Q

True/False? Lizards can be viviparous

A

True

79
Q

What is the difference between lizard placenta and placental placenta?

A

Placentals have much more physical connection to their mothers, while lizards don’t have as much

80
Q

What are the benefits of being a viviparous lizard?

A

Eggs don’t have to be warmed, and movement isn’t limited by a nest

81
Q

What are the disadvantages of viviparity in lizards?

A

More parental care (energetically costly), which leads to smaller clutch sizes, and locomotion and communication are limited

82
Q

What are the pressures that might have caused parthenogenesis to evolve?

A

No energy is spent on reproduction, and extreme temperature determines sex (usually favours females, which can undergo parthenogenesis again if need be)

83
Q

Describe how you can get a fertilized egg through parthenogenesis

A

In extreme heat conditions, 1/3 polar bodies created by meiosis fuses with the oocyte, causing a fertilized egg

84
Q

Which sex determination strategy do most lizards use? What clades are the exceptions?

A

Genetic; Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Chamaeleonidae

85
Q

What is unique about geckos in terms of sexual reproduction?

A

They have similar sex chromosome complexes to Monotremes (can use XY or ZW)

86
Q

An organism with ZZ sex chomosomes is _________

A

Male

87
Q

An organism with ZW chromosomes is ________

A

Female

88
Q

True/False? Serpentes uses both genetic and environmental sex determination

A

False. They use genetic sex determination

89
Q

What sex determination method do Testudines use?

A

Environmental sex determination

90
Q

How do homeothermic ectotherms regulate body temperature? How does this differ from endotherms?

A

Use behaviour rather than metabolism

91
Q

Describe the behaviour of a homeothermic ectotherm lizard on a warm day

A

They actively seek out heat from the environment and bask with most of their body’s surface area facing the sun. They are active once within their optimal temp range

92
Q

Describe the behaviour of a homeothermic ectotherm lizard on a hot day

A

Utilize convective cooling from the environment (like wind) and reduce surface area exposed to the sun either by staying in the shade or facing directly towards the heat source

93
Q

Describe the behaviour of a homeothermic ectotherm lizard on an extremely hot day

A

They avoid activity all together and seek shelter

94
Q

How does activity level change in homeothermic ectotherms as environmental temperature increases?

A

No activity if cold, optimal range has most activity and it decreases as heat increases from there

95
Q

In what conditions do homeothermic ectotherms and endotherms converge in terms of energy conservation

A

In extreme heat

96
Q

What is a facultative endotherm?

A

Can occasionally use metabolism to generate body heat

97
Q

What function does facultative endothermy serve in lizards?

A

Has links to sex determination in species that rely on the environment

98
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation occurs due to physical barriers, like geography

99
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation occurs due to niches within one geographical area

100
Q

Provide an example of sympatric speciation

A

The Ameiva genera, that speciated due to light availability differences in a forest

101
Q

How does weight impact sympatric speciation in Ameiva?

A

Species of lesser weight tend to spend more time in the unshaded areas, while greater weight species tend to spend more time in the inner forest. Species in the middle of this weight distribution spend time at the edge of the forest

102
Q

Why do smaller Ameiva species spend more time in unshaded areas?

A

They gain and dissipate heat a lot faster and have a higher metabolism, so they can dart in and out of the sun without overheating

103
Q

Why do larger Ameiva species spend more time in shaded areas?

A

They dissipate heat much slower, so are at risk of overheating in unshaded areas. They can bask, then spend much more time in the shade than smaller species

104
Q

Where would juveniles of larger Ameiva species tend to hang out? What is this an example of?

A

Spend more time in unshaded areas because they dissipate heat faster, but as they grow they move towards the inner forest; niche partitioning

105
Q

What is an ecomorph?

A

Two species with different phylogenetic origins that share a particular niche

106
Q

The presence of an ecomorph suggests what for the niche the species share?

A

Convergence

107
Q

What are the three key attributes of snake locomotion?

A
  1. Epaxial and hypaxial musculature and connective tissue
  2. Vertebral interactions
  3. Relative position of the ribs to vertebrae
108
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscles to muscles

109
Q

What modifications to the vertebrae do snakes have? How do they aid in locomotion?

A

Extra zygapophyses (zygosphenes and zygantra), which increase the stability of the vertebrae and disallow independent motion of each vertebra

110
Q

Where are the ribs located in snakes? What does this allow for?

A

Attached to the ribs and present all along the body excluding the tail. They allow for the different modes of locomotion in snakes (rectilinear, gliding, concertina, etc)

111
Q

Why do snakes have a loss of limbs?

A

Reduced HOX gene signaling in the limb buds

112
Q

How does girdle position relate to limb reduction and movement?

A

The farther the girdles, the more reduced the limbs, the more lateral undulation

113
Q

Why are snakes seen as the “reverse transition to land”?

A

Because in the transition to land, limbs were gained, but snakes lost their limbs

114
Q

What was the primary environmental pressure for the loss of limbs and scale pattern on the ventral surface?

A

Substrate interactions

115
Q

Describe lateral undulation

A

Hypaxial and epaxial *** muscles within a segment on one side of the body work together to contract while the muscles of the same segment on the other side of the body are relaxed. These segments alternate throughout the body at any given time (first segment, left contracted. Second segment, right contracted. Etc)

116
Q

What is an extreme of lateral undulation?

A

Gliding

117
Q

Describe gliding locomotion (snakes)

A

The ribs move with the hypaxial musculature to flatten, creating a “wing” out of the snake’s entire body

118
Q

Describe sidewinding

A

Snake uses extra epaxial musculature to “skip” sideways along with the hypaxial and epaxial movements of undulation ***

119
Q

In what climates is sidewinding used? Why?

A

Hot climates (deserts) with loose substrate; it reduces surface area in contact with the hot sand, which helps in thermoregulation

120
Q

Which snake locomotion strategy is the fastest but most energy consuming?

A

Sidewinding

121
Q

Describe rectilinear motion

A

Most hypaxial muscles contract and stretch in segments along the ventral surface used in a caterpillar-like movement

122
Q

What kind of ventral scales does a sidewinder require?

A

Porous to reduce friction and surface area exposed to substrate

123
Q

What kind of ventral scales does a rectilinear snake require?

A

Thick dermis that can withstand high abrasion

124
Q

What is the tradeoff with rectilinear motion?

A

Slow, but conserves energy

125
Q

What kind of snake will use rectilinear motion?

A

Very venomous snakes that don’t need to chase down prey

126
Q

Describe concertina motion

A

Snake creates anchor points by pinching its substrate between its segments using hypaxial muscles. Used to climb. Epaxial muscles used to extend the neck after anchoring to move to the next anchor point

127
Q

What is a pit organ? Which nerve innervates it?

A

An organ snakes use located near their mouth and eyes to sense thermal traces. Innervated by the cranial nerve that also attaches to the eye

128
Q

How do snakes use their pit organs?

A

Use them in conjunction with their eyes

129
Q

If snakes could only use their pit organ and eye contralaterally (one left and one right), what would happen? What does this imply?

A

Contradiction in their ability to pinpoint the location of prey; rely on both organs on both sides altogether

130
Q

What are the types of predation in snakes?

A

Venom and constriction

130
Q

What kind of motion do constrictors use to hold prey?

A

Concertina

131
Q

Why do constrictors target mammals?

A

Mammals use diaphragmatic breathing, which is easy to stop if the prey item is squeezed so their lungs can’t expand

132
Q

What evidence suggests venom glands are derived from salivary glands? Are they homologous or analogous?

A

They have proteins that are similar to the enzymes (pancreatic-like) found in salivary glands. They are homologous structures

133
Q

Which tissues have the potential to be venom glands in snakes? What does this show?

A

Venom gland, rictal, infralabial, and potentially the supralingual; convergence

134
Q

Describe the head musculature in boas. Why?

A

Superficial and deep masseter; they are nonvenomous so don’t need specialized muscles

135
Q

Describe the head musculature in vipers. Why?

A

Superficial and deep masseter, with a specialized deep masseter looping around the superficial; used to squeeze venom out of the venom gland

136
Q

Describe the head musculature in early snakes. Why?

A

Superficial and deep masseter, but venom gland is medial to superficial; muscles “stimulate” the venom gland rather than “squeeze” it

137
Q

Describe how teeth, fangs, and venom glands have the same developmental origin

A

Form from the same developmental lamina as venom glands consisting of neural crest plus mesenchyme

138
Q

Compare boid and viperid vertebrae

A

Boid: less lateral protrusion to allow for more lateral flexibility (needed to constrict prey)
Viperid: more lateral and dorso-ventral ornamentation to allow for more muscle attachment (faster striking)

139
Q

What predation modality would we see in constrictors more often?

A

Active foraging

140
Q

What predation modality would we see in venomous snakes more often?

A

Sit and wait, use crypsis

141
Q

Describe cranial kinesis. What is this called?

A

Jaw is able to unhinge to allow consumption of large prey items; “jaw-walking”

142
Q

What are the defense mechanisms snakes use?

A

*** Caudal vibration, spitting venom, venomous resistance, and aposematism

143
Q

What is aposematism?

A

Mimicry (non-venomous looks like venomous)

144
Q

Aposematism is likely a result of:

A

Convergent evolution

145
Q

Why do snakes have indeterminate growth?

A

Their low metabolisms allow them to put much more energy into producing new tissue than mammals, which use most of their energy just maintaining homeostasis

146
Q

In terms of thermoregulation, snakes are:

A

Homeothermic ectotherms

147
Q

Like other squamates, snakes can sometimes be ____________ endotherms

A

Facultative

148
Q

When do squamates tend to use facultative endothermy?

A

When incubating eggs

149
Q

Why is studying Titanoboa important?

A

Researchers able to deduct the environment in which it lived by studying the vertebrae and correlating its size to body temperature, which suggests it lived in cooler places due to its massive size

150
Q

List the synapomorphies of Testudines

A

Ventral osteoderms fused together (plastron)
Axial skeleton fused to osteoderms (carapace)
Carapace and plastron fuse together to form the shell
Shell is covered with keratinous plates superficially (scutes)
Pectoral and pelvic limb girdles within the shell
Loss of teeth, have keratinous beak

151
Q

Describe the placement of scutes relative to the fused bones underneath

A

Scutes are larger than the individual bones, so one scute covers multiple bones in order to distribute applied weight more evenly

152
Q

What kind of organ are scutes?

A

Ectodermal

153
Q

Which came first? The carapace or the plastron?

A

Plastron developed first

154
Q

What was the function of the plastron in ancestral turtles?

A

Aquatic ballast

155
Q

Gastralia are homologous to:

A

The plastron

156
Q

Why do we believe the plastron developed from the gastralia?

A

They share the same organizational pattern

157
Q

Why do turtles need an aquatic ballast?

A

They don’t have a swim bladder like fish

158
Q

Compare the amniote pectoral girdle to the testudine pectoral girdle

A

Amniotes:
- protrude dorsal to ribs
- muscle plate follows the curve of the rib
Testudines:
- internal to the shell (ventral to ribs)
- muscle plate follows the curve of the rib, then wraps around the scapula (change in muscle connectivity)

159
Q

Why did turtles evolve their girdles the way they did?

A

They needed to be modified in order to accommodate the shell

160
Q

Describe the differences and similarities between archosaurian and testudine ectodermal organ patterning in relation to teeth

A

The same in every way except turtles lack the ectodermal patterning pathways specific to teeth

161
Q

What is the main difference between Cryptodira and Pleurodira?

A

Cryptodira folds its neck into a dorsoventral “c” shape, while Pleurodira folds its neck into a lateral “c” shape

162
Q

What are the challenges of living within the shell?

A

Ventilation
Locomotion
Feeding
Muscular insertion and origins
Thermoregulation (linked to sex determination)

163
Q

Describe the differences in the pelvic girdles between cryptodires and pleurodires

A

Cryptodires: pelvic girdle not fused with the shell
Pleurodires: pelvis girdle fused with shell

164
Q

What were the results from a multi-varied analysis on turtle musculature?

A

The way in which the muscles worked was highly differentiated between Cryptodira and Pleurodira, but they converged on muscle performance in locomotion (used similarly)

165
Q

Describe diagonal sequence locomotion

A

Left front foot and right back foot step forward together and vice versa

166
Q

Describe lateral sequence locomotion. What is this type of locomotion seen in?

A

Left side works together, right side works together; big tortoises (Testudinidae)

167
Q

Describe sea locomotion. What is this type of locomotion seen in?

A

Front flippers work together synchronously; sea turtles (Cheloniidae)

168
Q
A

ZOOL 403 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions