Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZOOL 403 > Fishes Lecture > Flashcards

Fishes Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclostomata synapomorphies

A

Circular mouth
Single median nostril
Branchial basket
Velum
Rasping tongue supported by cartilage (lingual cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Myxiniformes anatomy and ecology

A

Degenerate eyes
Barbels
Single semicircular canal situated at an angle
Vary in gill slits
Single median fin
Direct development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Petromyzontiformes anatomy and ecology

A

2 dorsal fins
Caudal fin
Eye
Pineal eye
Buccal funnel
2 semicircular canals
Indirect development (larval stage)
Ectoparasitic
Anadromous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myxiniformes metabolism and tonicity relative to environment. Why?

A

Low metabolism, osmoconformers. Cannot support active transport needed to have a different tonicity relative to their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Petromyzontiformes metabolism and tonicity relative to environment. Why?

A

Higher metabolism, osmoregulators. Are able to support active transport between environment and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can you infer about the Petromyzontiform kidney?

A

Used to help osmoregulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is it important for Petromyzontiformes to be osmoregulators?

A

Relative salt concentration between tissues and environment changes between life stages. Juveniles are found in fresh water and must transport salt into their tissues and vice versa for adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What traits do gnathostomes have that cyclostomes do not?

A

Paired fins and limbs
Increase in metabolism
Larger forebrain (receives more sensory info)
3 semicircular canals
Lateral paired gills rather than midline
Mineralized tissues (bones, teeth)
Paired nasals
Jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the development of paired nasals in gnathostomes

A

In gnathostomes, the nasohypophyseal plate has split into two nasal placodes and the adenohypophyseal placode. This splitting allowed the mandibular mesoderm to migrate farther into the head along with the mandibular neural crest cells to form the upper and lower jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is developmental bias/constraint? Give an example

A

Due to development, not all morphological variation is equally probable.

Ex. mandibular mesoderm could not migrate with neural crest cells due to nasohypophyseal plate in Cyclostomata, so it was unlikely for them to develop two nasal passages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the developmental contributors to the vertebrate skull?

A

Neural crest cells and the mesoderm + neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of cell is an osteocyte?

A

A cell that makes bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of cell is an osteoblast?

A

A cell that makes osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of cell is an osteoclast?

A

A cell that destroys osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the bone types of the vertebrate skull?

A

Dermal bone and endochondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The process of developing bone from existing cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the developmental contributors, bone types, and functions of the chondrocranium?

A

Neural crest cells + mesoderm, endochondral bone, functions as a brain case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the developmental contributors, bone types, and functions of the dermatocranium?

A

Neural crest cells, dermal bone, functions as the covering of the brain case and palate of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the developmental contributors, bone types, and functions of the splanchnocranium?

A

Neural crest cells, endochondral bone, supports gill arches and throat plus helps in the formation of jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is dermal bone found in the vertebrate skull?

A

Dermatocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is endochondral bone found in the vertebrate skull?

A

Chondrocranium and splanchnocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the biggest difference in the ventilation structures of a Lamprey and a Hagfish?

A

Hagfishes have a nostril that connects to the oral cavity. The nostril of a Lamprey does not connect to its oral cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens in the development of Cyclostomes that causes them to not form jaws?

A

The nasohypophyseal placode blocks the migration of of mandibular tissue toward and around the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do the premandibular/mandibular mesoderm form from?

A

Neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does Hox gene expression stop?

A

Stops at the anterior end of the mandibular arch. Only present posterior to the jaws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of barbels in Hagfish?

A

Used for sensation of water currents and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is unique about Hagfishes compared to Lampreys?

A

Hagfish do not have any neural arches and Lampreys do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the difference in gill position between Cyclostomes and Gnathostomes?

A

-Cyclostomes have gills that are MEDIAL and the gill arches (support) are LATERAL.
-Gnathostomes have gills that are LATERAL and gill arches (support) that are MEDIAL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is the Nasopharyngeal duct located in Hagfishes?

A

Between the nostril cavity and the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of ventilation do adult Lampreys use?

A

Tidal ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What parts make up the Lamprey mouthparts?

A

-Hood (for sucking)
-Longitudinal lamina (biting)
-Transverse lamina (rasping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Are the mouth structures of a Lamprey mineralized?

A

No, they are keratinous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What part of a fish would a parasitic Lamprey attack and why?

A

The gills, because they are easily accessible and have high blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of the lateral line in fishes?

A

Canals with openings that are innervated used to detect water currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What osmoregulatory challenges does a freshwater teleost face?

A

An environment that is hypotonic to the fish. Na and Cl are actively transported into the fish and the fish produces copious amounts of dilute urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What osmoregulatory challenges does a marine teleost face?

A

An environment that is hypertonic to the fish. Na and Cl are actively transported out of the fish and small amounts of concentrated urine are produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What two structures are homologous across all Gnathostomes?

A

-Hyoid arch
-Jaw arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of swimming?

A

-Pitch (up and down)
-Yaw (left and right)
-Roll (circular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How does a heterocercal tail affect a fishes swimming?

A

It pushes the fish upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are the fins made during development?

A

Somites migrate into the limb buds to form fins/limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What part of the cranium never forms in Chondrichthyans?

A

Dermatocranium. Only the Chondrocranium and Splanchonocranium form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the lower jaw known as in Chondrichthyans?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 types of jaw suspension?

A

-Autostylic (palatoquadrate is fused to chondrocranium)
-Amphistylic (upper jaw is connected to chondrocranium by a ligament)
-Hyostylic (jaws are rotated under the chondrocranium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

If a Chondrichthyan has teeth that are flat, what can be assumed about their predation strategy?

A

These teeth are using for crushing, so the fish likely eats hard foods such as , clams, molluscs, or crustaceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What type of jaw suspension do Chimaeras (Holocephali) have?

A

Autostylic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the function of Ampullae of Lorenzini?

A

Electroreception: they are the modified parts of the lateral line system that are primarily sensitive to electrical fields and help in hunting down prey.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What two clades make up Elasmobranchii?

A

-Selachii (sharks)
-Batoidea (skates, rays, sawfishes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What two groups make up Selachii?

A

-Galeomorphii (typical sharks)
-Squalomorphii (dogfish, greenland shark, sawshark, angel shark)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is significant about Sawsharks?

A

They underwent convergent evolution with sawfishes (both have similar rostrums)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is significant about angel sharks?

A

They underwent convergent evolution with Batoidea (similar pectoral fins and depressed body shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How can you tell an angel shark apart from a Batoid?

A

Batoids have pectoral fins that are fused to their heads. Angel sharks have pectoral fins that are separate from their heads.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How can you tell the difference between a sawfish and a sawshark?

A

Sawfish (Batoidea) have ventrally positioned gills, while sawsharks (Selachii) have laterally positioned gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the type of jaw suspension seen in batoids?

A

Amphistylic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the structure of placoid scales?

A

-Innervated in the inner core of pulp
-Dentine layer
-Enameloid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What thermoregulation strategy do sharks use?

A

Regional heterothermy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the countercurrent heat exchange system called?

A

Rete mirabile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where is the warmed blood sent to in sharks?

A

-Swimming muscles
-Eyes (visual acuity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What type of fertilization do all sharks have?

A

Internal fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does a thin tooth shape indicate about a sharks prey?

A

The shark likely eats other fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What does a wide, triangular tooth shape indicate about a sharks prey?

A

The shark likely eats mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Why is shark conservation difficult?

A

Because sharks are K-selected species that mature slowly and invest lots of resources in few offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Are sharks more dependent on electrical cues or olfactory cues?

A

Electrical cues. Olfactory cues are used at greater distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How do basking sharks and other filter-feeders collect food?

A

They have filtration pads in their gills that collect food particles while allowing water to pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the coracomandibularis?

A

A muscle in sharks that allows them to pull back and down on their lower jaw while the hyoid arch stretches the jaw outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What temperature of water has the highest O2 concentration?

A

Cold water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What conditions influence salinity?

A

-Currents
-Depth
-Temperature
-Glacial input of fresh water
-Halite deposits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What zone of the ocean contains the most diversity of fishes?

A

The photic zone (0m-1000m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Where is there more deep sea diversity and why?

A

There is more deep sea diversity near the poles due to the rich oxygen content of the cold waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the purpose of countercurrent flow in the gills?

A

To maximize oxygen pickup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

How does average oxygen intake vary with lifestlye?

A

Oxygen intake will increase depending on if the fish is typically a fast swimmer, average swimmer or bottom-dweller.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How do fast swimming fish increase their oxygen intake?

A

They use ram ventilation by constantly swimming with their mouths open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are two other features that can be seen in fast swimming fish?

A

-Higher number of secondary gill lamellae
-Greater gill area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What types of muscles are associated with aerobic and anaerobic activity?

A

Aerobic: Red muscle
Anaerobic: White muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What limits the size of gill area?

A

Osmotic flux - If the gill area is too large, too much water will be lost to the surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the function of the operculum?

A

A bony flap that sits over the gills and controls the pressure and pumps water over gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

How does the dual pump system in gills work?

A

Water enters through the mouth (oral valve) and into the buccal cavity during the suction phase. The water then flows over the gill curtain when the opercular cavity undergoes suction. The oxygen-depleted water is then pushed out through the opercular cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is characteristic of the secondary lamellae when the gills are used for air breathing?

A

The become stiffer so they don’t collapse in the air. The 2nd and 4th gill arches also bear big bushy structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What additional structure do air-breathing fish often have?

A

An out-pocket from the gut tube known as the lung/gas bladder (ancestral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

In air breathing fishes (such as the Bichir), what does the lung structure look like?

A

It is spongy and has a high surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

How can the power required to swim be reduced?

A

-Streamline tail and make it rigid
-Thin webs of skin for maneuverability
-Increase the amplitude of waves along body
-Modify the base of the tail (caudal peduncle)

81
Q

What are the two components of drag that affect swimming?

A

-Friction drag (viscosity of water)
-Pressure drag (turbulence created by tail movement)

82
Q

What are the 3 main approaches to feeding?

A

-Swim over and bite (ram feeding)
-Suction feeding
-Filtration

83
Q

Ratfish and chimaeras are part of which group?

A

Holocephali

84
Q

Rays and skates are part of which group?

A

Batoidea

85
Q

Sharks are part of which group?

A

Selachii

86
Q

Sharks and rays share this group

A

Elasmobranchii

87
Q

List the chondrichthyan synapomorphies

A

Calcified cartilage

Placoid scales

Unique mode of dental replacement

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Pelvic claspers (males)

88
Q

What are the building blocks of the chondrichthyan skeleton? What about their composition makes them different from our skeletons?

A

Skeleton composed of tesserae (plates), which assemble to make hollow structures. Compared to our bones, they are missing calcium hydroxyapatite

89
Q

Explain the similarities and differences between placoid scales and human teeth

A

They are ectodermal organs housing a pulp cavity, dentine, and enamel, much like our teeth. The only difference is that they lack calcium hydroxyapatite

90
Q

What is a tooth whorl?

A

The teeth of chondrichthyans start far back in the jaw and move forward as they develop, eventually replacing the teeth being currently used, like a conveyor belt

91
Q

What is different about the composition of chondrichthyan teeth and human teeth?

A

Chondrichthyan teeth lack calcium hydroxyapatite and have replaced it with fluorapatite, which is similar in structure

92
Q

What is the order of senses in which chondrichthyans can detect prey?

A
  1. Olfaction (smell)
  2. Mechanoreception (movement, turbulence)
  3. Vision (sight)
  4. Audition (sound)
  5. Electrical fields
  6. Physical contact
93
Q

True/False? Ampullae of Lorenzini are found solely in chondrichthyans

A

False. Monotremes (echidnas and platypus) use an analogue to search for food in dirt and water

94
Q

What do the Ampullae of Lorenzini require for proper function?

A

Water, which is a better electrical conductor than air

95
Q

What is the function of the Ampullae of Lorenzini?

A

To detect electrical fields produced by the movement of prey

96
Q

Describe the path an electrical current would take to reach the ampullae of Lorenzini starting from the snout of the predator

A

Electrical current would enter through the pores on the snout, then travel down the lateral line canal to the ampullae

97
Q

What are pelvic claspers used for? Why are they only found in males?

A

Males use claspers to insert sperm into the cloaca of females for reproduction

98
Q

True/False? All chondrichthyan reproduction is internal

A

True

99
Q

What are the synapomorphies and apomorphies of chimaeras?

A

Synapomorphy:
Operculum (gill cover)

Apomorphies:
Cephalic claspers (pelvic claspers found near the head)
Swim by pectoral fin flapping
Narrow tail

100
Q

Why would swimming with pectoral fins be beneficial to chimaeras?

A

It produces almost no sound

101
Q

Chimaeras are benthic. What does this mean?

A

They live near the bottom of the ocean

102
Q

What is the synapomorphy of Elasmobranchii?

A

External gill slits

103
Q

What are the synapomorphies and apomorphies of Batoidea?

A

Synapomorphy:
Mouth and gill slits are ventrally positioned

Apomorphies:
Dorsoventrally flattened
Fused head and pectoral fin

104
Q

Why are the teeth of Batoidea flat?

A

They are used for crushing rather than slicing

105
Q

What are the synapomorphies and apomorphies of Selachii?

A

Synapomorphies:
Heterocercal tail
Fatty liver

106
Q

Which direction does a heterocercal tail push the organism?

A

Up and forward

107
Q

What are some mechanisms in which Selachii use to control their net movement?

A

Upwards facing snouts lift the head up

Fatty liver can control upwards or downwards movement by altering fat content

108
Q

When a Selachii wants to move downwards in the water column, how will its physiology change?

A

It will decrease the quantity of fat in the fatty liver

109
Q

When a Selachii wants to move upwards in the water column, how will its physiology change?

A

It will increase the quantity of fat in the fatty liver

110
Q

How do fish protrude their jaw to suck prey in?

A

-The maxilla and premaxilla are forced forward by the hyomandibula
-The mandible is forced down
-Branchiostegal rays are used to manipulate pressure in the mouth
-A negative pressure is created causing the food to be sucked into the fishes mouth

111
Q

What structures have been lost in a typical teleost fin?

A

-Basals
-Most of the radials

112
Q

What is the Weberian Apparatus and what group is it seen in?

A

-Seen in Teleostei
-It is specialized elements of the cervical vertebrae and ribs that transmit vibrations from the swim bladder to the inner ear

113
Q

What group contains 40% of all fish diversity?

A

Euteleostei

114
Q

What reproductive strategy do ray-finned fishes use?

A

Oviparity

115
Q

What adaptations can be seen in mesopelagic fish?

A

-Large eyes
-Silver skin (makes then hard to see by predators)

116
Q

What is the hunting style of deep sea predators?

A

Sit and wait
-Too expensive to actively hunt
-Usually have very large mouths
-Can expand gut

117
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of Actinistia?

A

They are ovoviviparous

118
Q

What is the lung like in Actinistia?

A

The lung is filled with fatty tissue because coelacanths rarely ever surface

119
Q

What structure did coelacanths lose?

A

Maxilla

120
Q

What structures did Dipnoins lose?

A

Maxilla and premaxilla

121
Q

What type of jaw suspension do Dipnoins have?

A

Autostylic (palatoquadrate is fused to braincase)

122
Q

What are two ancestral traits that Dipnoins have?

A

-Cartilagenous notochord
-Cartilagenous brain case

123
Q

What type of teeth do Dipnoins have and what are they used for?

A

They have teeth on their palate fused into ridges. Used for crushing hard objects

124
Q

What type of jaw suspension do Holocephali have?

A

Autostylic/Holostylic

125
Q

What is an autostylic jaw suspension?

A

The upper jaw is fused to the brain case, which limits mobility of the lower jaw

126
Q

What type of jaw suspension do elasmobranchs have?

A

Hyostylic

127
Q

What is a hyostylic jaw suspension?

A

The upper jaw is not fused with the braincase, allowing for a higher degree of jaw mobility

128
Q

What are the two types of chondrichthyan ventilation?

A

Ram and buccal pumping

129
Q

Describe ram ventilation

A

The mouth is always open. Water comes through the mouth and spiracle and leaves through the gills

130
Q

Describe buccal pumping

A

The chondrichthyan will take a gulp of water, close the mouth, and pump the water out through the gills using buccal muscles

131
Q

True/False? An organism that uses buccal pumping cannot use ram ventilation

A

False. Buccal pumpers can achieve both types of ventilation

132
Q

True/False? An organism that relies on ram ventilation can use buccal pumping. I just chooses not to

A

False. Primary ram ventilators lack buccal muscles, so they cannot use buccal pumping

133
Q

Why is countercurrent gas exchange the most efficient gas exchange mechanism available for fishes?

A

The oxygen diffusion gradient between the water and blood vessel is constant, so the amount of oxygen moving from the water to the blood is maximized

134
Q

The efferent gill artery goes towards or away from the gills?

A

Away

135
Q

The afferent gill artery goes towards or away from the gills?

A

Towards the gills, carries deoxygenated blood

136
Q

What about the structure of the gills maximizes oxygen uptake?

A

Tree-like formation - lots of surface area, and countercurrent exchange

137
Q

Describe chondrichthyan osmoregulation

A

They are osmoconformers but still regulate salt and water intake. They take in some water and salt with food, the gills absorb water and excrete urea, the rectal gland secretes salt ions, and the kidneys excrete copious urine and some urea

138
Q

Describe chondrichthyan reproduction

A

Internal fertilization using pelvic or cephalic (Holocephali) claspers

139
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Laying eggs that mature into babies

140
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Live birth

141
Q

True/False? Placentals are the only group that have placentas

A

False. Some viviparous chondrichthyans also use placentas

142
Q

What is ovoviviparity?

A

The egg hatches inside the mother and is born as a live fetus

143
Q

What evolutionary consequences does ovoviviparity come with?

A

Depending on the species, some chondrichthyans cannibalize their littermates while still in the womb

144
Q

What is a trophic cascade?

A

A form of top-down regulation where a keystone species is removed from the population and the next trophic level down thrives, so the level below that dies

145
Q

Why are sharks hard to conserve?

A

They take a long time to mature, they need lots of resources, long lifespans, they invest energy in their young, small fecundity, reproduce biannually (one every two years), long gestation period

146
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Osteichthyes?

A

Lepidotrichia

Bony operculum

Teeth on dermal bone

Outpocket of stomach

147
Q

What are lepidotrichia?

A

Bony segments that extend outwards to support the fin made from endochondral bone

148
Q

What is chondrichthyan fin support called?

A

Ceratotrichia

149
Q

True/False? Any dermal bone situated on top of endochondral bone can form teeth

A

True

150
Q

What is a physostomas outpocket important for?

A

The development of the lungs

151
Q

What does a physoclistous outpocket develop into?

A

Swim bladder

152
Q

What ventilation structures are similar between chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

A

Gill arches, gill septum, and gill filament

153
Q

What are the two types of stomach outpocket in Osteichthyes?

A

Physostomous and physoclistous

154
Q

What ventilation structures are unique to chondrichthyans relative to osteichthyans?

A

Spiracle, gill slit, 5 gill arches

155
Q

What ventilation structures are unique to osteichthyans relative to chondrichthyans?

A

4 gill arches, operculum, gill opening

156
Q

Explain the dual-pump ventilation system

A

Step 1: Mouth is open, operculum is closed, both buccal cavity and opercular cavity have negative pressure

Step 2: Mouth closes, operculum is still closed, positive pressure in buccal cavity and negative pressure in opercular cavity force water past gills

Step 3: Mouth is still closed, operculum opens, positive pressure in buccal cavity and opercular cavity force water past gills and exhausted water out, respectively

157
Q

What effects on metabolism does the dual-pump ventilation system have?

A

Less energy spent keeping the mouth open for ram ventilation so this system is more efficient, allowing for a higher metabolism

158
Q

Does the osteichthyan electrical sensory system differ much from the chondrichthyan sensory system?

A

No, not significantly

159
Q

Which organ is most important for the development of the electricity-discharging organ found in electric eels? Why?

A

The lateral line, as the electric organ in many different species is found along this system

160
Q

Describe a marine telost’s osmoregulation

A

Drinks water, loses ammonia and water passively and chloride ions actively through gills, excretes small amounts of concentrated urine, ammonia, some urea, and divalent ions

161
Q

Describe a freshwater telost’s osmoregulation

A

Gets some water and salt with food, passively absorbs water and sodium ions and passively loses ammonia and actively pumps in chloride ions through gills, kidneys reabsorb salt and excrete lots of dilute urine, ammonia, and some urea

162
Q

What is a marine telost’s overall goal in order to osmoregulate?

A

Keep excess ions out and water in

163
Q

What is a freshwater telost’s overall goal in order to osmoregulate?

A

Keep ions in and excess water out

164
Q

What does ammoniotelic mean? Are marine or freshwater telosts ammoniotelic?

A

Both are ammoniotelic. This means that they excrete raw ammonia

165
Q

Describe the general reproductive strategy of osteichthyans

A

Rely on external fertilization and are thus oviparous

166
Q

What does gonochoristic mean?

A

It means the organism stays the sex it was since birth

167
Q

What is sequential hermaphrodism? Provide two examples

A

All members of a species start as a sex and can develop into another as they mature or are exposed to environmental pressure

Ex: Protandrous hermaphrodism in clownfish. All start as male and develop into female if no females present

Ex: Protogynous hermaphrodism in bluehead wrasse. May either start as male or female but develop into a male once mature

168
Q

What is simultaneous hermaphrodism?

A

The organism possesses both male and female reproductive organs and can reproduce through asexual reproduction if in isolation

169
Q

What does endothermy mean?

A

Relies on metabolism and other mechanisms to maintain body temperature

170
Q

What does ectothermy mean?

A

No mechanisms for thermoregulation

171
Q

What does homeothermic mean?

A

Body temperature must stay within a specific range for the organism to live, and thus is unable to function without homeostasis

172
Q

What does heterothermic mean?

A

Body temperature may fluctuate without serious consequences so is able to function without homeostasis

173
Q

What is an example of a heterothermic ectotherm (fish)?

A

Most fish, as their gills are always exposed to water with ever-changing temperatures

174
Q

What is an example of a homeothermic ectotherm (fish)?

A

Some fish that possess anti-freeze proteins

175
Q

What is an example of a heterothermic endotherm (fish)?

A

Tuna, sharks, and swordfish have axial tissues dense in mitochondria that keep the organism warm through constant movement

176
Q

What is an example of a homeothermic endotherm (fish)?

A

Opah uses its kidney to generate heat

177
Q

True/False? Osteichthyans have semicircular canals for orientation sensation

A

False. They have Neuromast organs that contain hair cells for vestibular sensation

178
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Sarcopterygii?

A

Cosmine in scales

Intracranial joint

Fleshy-finned limbs with a single basal bone at the base of the fin

179
Q

True/False? The scales of Sarcopterygii contain cosmine, which is unique to this group

A

True

180
Q

What is the main role of the intracranial joint?

A

Allows some movement of the premaxilla for feeding

181
Q

How do osteichthyans feed?

A

Gape-suction feeding creates negative pressure in their mouths so when they open their mouths, everything in front of them gets sucked in

182
Q

True/False? Propulsion by fleshy-lobed fins is mainly powered by the fin rays themselves

A

True

183
Q

Where are the basal elements situated?

A

Between the pelvic/pectoral girdle and radials

184
Q

Where may basal bones be found in Sarcopterygii?

A

Throughout the midline of the fin

185
Q

Which groups make up Sarcopterygii?

A

Actinistia (Coelacanths), Dipnoi (lungfishes), and Tetrapods

186
Q

What separates Rhipidistia from Actinistia?

A

Rhipidistia has divided atria

187
Q

A divided atrium allows for what?

A

Multiple circuits (systematic and respiratory)

188
Q

What is a Lazarus taxon?

A

An organism which was previously thought to be extinct that has been discovered to still be living

189
Q

What is an apomorphy of Actinistia?

A

The loss of the maxilla

190
Q

What are the apomorphies of Dipnoi?

A

Loss of both premaxilla and maxilla

Loss of the intracranial joint

Autostylic

Teeth fused into plates for crushing

191
Q

What impacts do lampreys have on the economy?

A

Fisheries situated on the great lakes are prone to losing fish due to fast-growing lamprey populations, as they are parasitic to fish

192
Q

Describe the hyomandibula bone placement in each of the three jaw suspension types. How does this effect jaw movement?

A

Holostylic: dorsal and caudally positioned relative to lower jaw; limited jaw movement

Amphistylic: caudally positioned relative to lower jaw; able to push lower and upper jaws to extend outwards

Hyostylic: Caudally positioned relative to upper jaw; allows for extreme extension of upper jaw

193
Q

What about the splanchnocranium differs between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes?

A

Chondrichthyes: exclusively endochondral bone

Osteichthyes: endochondral and dermal bone

194
Q

What is the major theme for the synapomorphies of Cyclostomata?

A

Parasitic characteristics, no paired characteristics

195
Q

What is meant by the branchial basket?

A

Medial gills on Cyclostomata

196
Q

What are primary and secondary lamellae?

A

They make up the gill filament

197
Q

Why do caudate larvae not require pedicellate teeth?

A

Use gape-suction feeding to eat, so teeth not needed

198
Q

What does anadromous mean?

A

Migrates to fresh water to spawn

ZOOL 403 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions