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1. wk > Tree of life > Flashcards

Tree of life Flashcards

1
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

-Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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2
Q

What is the field of systematics about? What are they using?

A
  • The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
  • Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships
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3
Q

What is Taxonom?

A
  • The science of classifying (naming) organisms

- Tells us about the degree of relation between different organisms

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4
Q

Who developed Binomial Nomenclature?

A
  • Developed by Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778)
  • Binomial naming system
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5
Q

How is a species defined?

A

-A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name
-Ex. Panthera tigris
Panthera- genus name
tigris- species name

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6
Q

Give the order of the taxonomic rank used in the biological classification

A

-species Keep plates Clean or family gets sick

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7
Q

What are biological species?

A

-Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable (lebensfähige) , fertile offspring

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8
Q

Are subspecies able to interbreed?

A

-Might interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance)

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9
Q

The hybrid offspring is? Give an example for hybrid offspring

A
  • sterile
  • panthera tigris+ panthera Leo -> tigon
  • horse+ donkey -> mule
  • horse+zebra -> zebroid
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10
Q

What can you say about the steps for giving a name?

A

-Language: Latin or Latinized
-Giving names:
A highly technical process
Name is author’s choice
-could include:
commemorate people, descriptive, geographic location, humor)

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11
Q

Name some animals which commemorate people

A
  • gardenia jasminoides (dr. Alexander Garden)
  • camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel)
  • Siegesbeckia orientalischer (Dr. Siegesbeck)
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12
Q

Name some animals whose name descriptive is

A
  • Cardinalis cardinalis (red)
  • Railus aquaticus (watery)
  • Passer domesticus (house)
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13
Q

Name some animals whose name a geographic location is

A

-Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)
-Periplanata americana
(American cockroach)
-Zosterops japonica
(Japanese white-eye)

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14
Q

Describe the three domain system

A
  • prokaryotes: bacteria
  • extremophiles: archaea
  • eukaryotes: eukarya
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15
Q

Where do systematists depict evolutionary relationships?

A
  • in branching phylogenetic trees

- Linnaean classification and phylogeny can differ from each other

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16
Q

What does the PhyloCode recognize?

A

-Systematists have proposed the PhyloCode, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendents

17
Q

What is polygamy?

A

-Polytomy is a term for an internal node of a cladogram that has more than two immediate descendents (i.e, sister taxa)

18
Q

What Can we (and Cannot )Learn from Phylogenetic Trees

A
  • Phylogenetic trees do show patterns of descent
  • Phylogenetic trees do not indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage
  • It shouldn’t be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it
19
Q

How did systematics inferred phylogenies?

A
  • To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about morphologies (structure), genes, and biochemistry of living organisms
  • Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences
20
Q

What is difference between homology and analogy?

A
  • Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry like between a wolf and a coyote
  • Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution, similar conditions/adaptations
21
Q

What do you have to keep in mind if it is about analogous structure?

A
  • look similar on the outside
  • Same function
  • different structure & development on the inside
  • different origin
  • no evolutionary relationship
22
Q

How can you distinguish between analogy and homology?

A
  • Homology can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity
  • The more complex two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are homologous
23
Q

How does evaluating molecular homologies work?

A
  • Systematists use computer programs and mathematical tools when analyzing comparable DNA segments from different organisms
  • Molecular systematics uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships
24
Q

How do cladistics gourd organisms? What is a clade?

A
  • by common descent

- a group of species that includes an ancestral (Ahnen) species and all its descendants (nachkommen)

25
Q

What does “A valid clade is monophyletic” mean?

A

-signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

26
Q

What is a paraphyletic grouping?

A

-a group which consist of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

27
Q

What is the opposite of paraphyletic?

A

-polyphyletic: group consisting of various species that lack a common ancestor

28
Q

What can the branch length in phylogenetic trees show?

A
  • can reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence in that lineage
  • In other trees, branch length can represent chronological time, and branching points can be determined from the fossil record
29
Q

The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees fit which data?

A

-morphological, molecular, and fossil

30
Q

What does phylogenetic bracket allow us?

A
  • Phylogenetic bracketing allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendents
  • > This has been applied to infer features of dinosaurs from their descendents: birds and crocodiles
31
Q

In what way is an organism’s evolutionary history documented in its genome? (DNA/mtDNA)

A
  • Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness is a valuable tool for tracing organisms’ evolutionary history
  • DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago
  • mtDNA evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events
32
Q

-How do the different kingdom system look like?

A
  • five K: monera, protista, plantae, fungi, Animalia
  • six K: monera divides inro: eubacteria, archaebacteria,
  • three domain system: protista, plantae, fungi, Animalia are called together eukarya
  • eight K: Protista is divides into archezoa, chromista, protista
33
Q

Which two domains are closest related?

A

-eukaryotes and archasea

34
Q

On what is the tree of life based?

A

-rRNA genes; they have evolved slowly

35
Q

The tree of life as a ring??

A
  • Some researchers suggest that eukaryotes arose as an endosymbiosis between a bacterium and archaean
  • If so, early evolutionary relationships might be better depicted by a ring of life instead of a tree of life
36
Q

Where can orthologous genes or paralogous genes be found?

A
  • orthologous genes:are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
  • paralogous genes: result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome

1. wk (11 decks)

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