org chem funk groups Flashcards
Describe the era of organic chemistry
-95% of all known compounds are made of carbon.
-Organic chemistry influences all aspects of our lives:
Clothing, materials (polymers), oil, medicine, our bodies!
-50% of all chemists are organic chemists
-Structures, mechanisms, synthesis
What is organic chemistry?
-Modern organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon containing compounds (Verbindung)
What is the history of organic chemistry?
- 1780: Organic compounds are very complex and can only be obtained from living sources (vitalism)
- 1784: Lavoisier observed that organic compounds are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
- 1828: Wohler obtained an organic compound (urea) from an inorganic compound (ammonium cyanate).
- 1860: Avogadro proved the emprical and molecular formulas hypothesis.
What are isomers?
-Isomers: Different compounds having the same molecular formula
Ex: etyl alcohol and dimetyl ether
In which shape does methane occur?
-tetrahedral (109.5°)
Which bondings are used to fulfill the octet rule?
- Ionic bonding: giving electrons; force of attraction btw oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bonding: sharing electrons
What are ions/ Electronegativity?
- Ion: charged particles formed when electron(s) are gained or lost
- Electronegativity: degree of ability of an atom to attract electrons.
What can you say about the ionic bonds?
- Ionic compounds are solids with high melting points.
- They are dissolved in polar solvents (Lösungsmittel) such as water.
- Their solutions usually conduct electricity.
What can you say about the covalent bonds?
- Bonds formed by atoms with same or similar electronegativities.
- Atoms aim to achieve noble gas configuration.
- Products formed are called molecules.
- > Molecules do not have net electrical charges; Molecules are neutral.
- Molecules are shown by their Lewis structures.
How to calculate formal charge?
- FC=V-N-B/2
- V is the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom in isolation
- N is the number of non-bonding valence electrons on this atom in the molecule; and
- B is the total number of electrons shared in bonds with other atoms in the molecule
What is the sum of formal charge equal to?+ calculate the formal charge of ammonium and nitrate ions
-to the total charge of a molecule or an ion
-ammonium= NH4+
N=5-0-4=1
H=1-0-1=0
-nitrate ions= NO3-
O=6-6-1=-1
N=5-0-4=1
O=6-4-2=0
What is the most important property of carbon? What do the functional groups determine and how are they determined?
- ability to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms (and also with H, O, S, N)
- they determine physical and chemical properties
- their presence is determined by using infrared spectroscopy
What are hydrocarbons? What are Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Aromat
Which of the named above is called saturated?
- Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
- Alkanes: single bonds btw carbon atoms
- Alkenes: double bonds btw carbon atoms
- Alkynes: triple bonds btw carbon atoms
- Aromatic: special ring structure
- akenes(containing max possible number of bonds)
General facts about alkanes
- are saturated
- main source: natural gas and petroleum
- Small molecule alkanes (methane to butane) are gas at room temperature
- Methanogens: organisms which produce CH4 from CO2 and H2
Give some facts about ethene and propene (Alkene)
- are the simplest
- ethene (or ethylene) =
- natural plant hormone, promotes growth
- ethanol, ethylene oxide and polyethylene are produced from ethene
- propene=
- very important industrial chemicals such as polypropylene and acetone are produced from propene
